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On the Origin and Evolution of Drosophila New Genes during Spermatogenesis

The origin of functional new genes is a basic biological process that has significant contribution to organismal diversity. Previous studies in both Drosophila and mammals showed that new genes tend to be expressed in testes and avoid the X chromosome, presumably because of meiotic sex chromosome in...

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Autores principales: Su, Qianwei, He, Huangyi, Zhou, Qi
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8621406/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34828402
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12111796
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author Su, Qianwei
He, Huangyi
Zhou, Qi
author_facet Su, Qianwei
He, Huangyi
Zhou, Qi
author_sort Su, Qianwei
collection PubMed
description The origin of functional new genes is a basic biological process that has significant contribution to organismal diversity. Previous studies in both Drosophila and mammals showed that new genes tend to be expressed in testes and avoid the X chromosome, presumably because of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). Here, we analyze the published single-cell transcriptome data of Drosophila adult testis and find an enrichment of male germline mitotic genes, but an underrepresentation of meiotic genes on the X chromosome. This can be attributed to an excess of autosomal meiotic genes that were derived from their X-linked mitotic progenitors, which provides direct cell-level evidence for MSCI in Drosophila. We reveal that new genes, particularly those produced by retrotransposition, tend to exhibit an expression shift toward late spermatogenesis compared with their parental copies, probably due to the more intensive sperm competition or sexual conflict. Our results dissect the complex factors including age, the origination mechanisms and the chromosomal locations that influence the new gene origination and evolution in testes, and identify new gene cases that show divergent cell-level expression patterns from their progenitors for future functional studies.
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spelling pubmed-86214062021-11-27 On the Origin and Evolution of Drosophila New Genes during Spermatogenesis Su, Qianwei He, Huangyi Zhou, Qi Genes (Basel) Article The origin of functional new genes is a basic biological process that has significant contribution to organismal diversity. Previous studies in both Drosophila and mammals showed that new genes tend to be expressed in testes and avoid the X chromosome, presumably because of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). Here, we analyze the published single-cell transcriptome data of Drosophila adult testis and find an enrichment of male germline mitotic genes, but an underrepresentation of meiotic genes on the X chromosome. This can be attributed to an excess of autosomal meiotic genes that were derived from their X-linked mitotic progenitors, which provides direct cell-level evidence for MSCI in Drosophila. We reveal that new genes, particularly those produced by retrotransposition, tend to exhibit an expression shift toward late spermatogenesis compared with their parental copies, probably due to the more intensive sperm competition or sexual conflict. Our results dissect the complex factors including age, the origination mechanisms and the chromosomal locations that influence the new gene origination and evolution in testes, and identify new gene cases that show divergent cell-level expression patterns from their progenitors for future functional studies. MDPI 2021-11-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8621406/ /pubmed/34828402 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12111796 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Su, Qianwei
He, Huangyi
Zhou, Qi
On the Origin and Evolution of Drosophila New Genes during Spermatogenesis
title On the Origin and Evolution of Drosophila New Genes during Spermatogenesis
title_full On the Origin and Evolution of Drosophila New Genes during Spermatogenesis
title_fullStr On the Origin and Evolution of Drosophila New Genes during Spermatogenesis
title_full_unstemmed On the Origin and Evolution of Drosophila New Genes during Spermatogenesis
title_short On the Origin and Evolution of Drosophila New Genes during Spermatogenesis
title_sort on the origin and evolution of drosophila new genes during spermatogenesis
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8621406/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34828402
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12111796
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