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Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Difenoconazole is one of the most commonly used fungicides to prevent and treat plant diseases caused by certain fungi. Due to increasing usage, more difenoconazole has been released into the environment and caused environment pollution. However, the potential impact of difenoconazole on plant growt...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8621447/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34834667 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112304 |
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author | Liu, Runqiang Li, Jingchong Zhang, Lei Feng, Ta Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Baohong |
author_facet | Liu, Runqiang Li, Jingchong Zhang, Lei Feng, Ta Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Baohong |
author_sort | Liu, Runqiang |
collection | PubMed |
description | Difenoconazole is one of the most commonly used fungicides to prevent and treat plant diseases caused by certain fungi. Due to increasing usage, more difenoconazole has been released into the environment and caused environment pollution. However, the potential impact of difenoconazole on plant growth and development and its involved mechanism are unclear. In this study, we discovered that difenoconazole exposure significantly inhibited plant growth, evidenced by the decrease in root dry weight, total root length, and surface area by 20–70%, 43–73%, and 26–66%, respectively, under different regimes of treatment concentrations and periods. Difenoconazole exposure also significantly inhibited shoot growth and development by decreasing 33–61% of the shoot dry weight and 50–65% of the leaf area. Difenoconazole exposure induced plant leaf cells to generate more ROS (O(2)(•−) and H(2)O(2)) and MDA, which resulted in a decreased chlorophyll content and then inhibited leaf photosynthesis. Difenoconazole exposure also induced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the roots and leaves of the wheat seedlings. SOD and APX activities were higher and more stable in the roots than those in the leaves. Based on our study, plant roots exhibited a more pronounced superoxide radical scavenging ability than plant leaves. In summary, difenoconazole exposure caused oxidative stress, reduced chlorophyll biosynthesis and functions, and then inhibited wheat plant growth and development. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8621447 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86214472021-11-27 Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Liu, Runqiang Li, Jingchong Zhang, Lei Feng, Ta Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Baohong Plants (Basel) Article Difenoconazole is one of the most commonly used fungicides to prevent and treat plant diseases caused by certain fungi. Due to increasing usage, more difenoconazole has been released into the environment and caused environment pollution. However, the potential impact of difenoconazole on plant growth and development and its involved mechanism are unclear. In this study, we discovered that difenoconazole exposure significantly inhibited plant growth, evidenced by the decrease in root dry weight, total root length, and surface area by 20–70%, 43–73%, and 26–66%, respectively, under different regimes of treatment concentrations and periods. Difenoconazole exposure also significantly inhibited shoot growth and development by decreasing 33–61% of the shoot dry weight and 50–65% of the leaf area. Difenoconazole exposure induced plant leaf cells to generate more ROS (O(2)(•−) and H(2)O(2)) and MDA, which resulted in a decreased chlorophyll content and then inhibited leaf photosynthesis. Difenoconazole exposure also induced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the roots and leaves of the wheat seedlings. SOD and APX activities were higher and more stable in the roots than those in the leaves. Based on our study, plant roots exhibited a more pronounced superoxide radical scavenging ability than plant leaves. In summary, difenoconazole exposure caused oxidative stress, reduced chlorophyll biosynthesis and functions, and then inhibited wheat plant growth and development. MDPI 2021-10-26 /pmc/articles/PMC8621447/ /pubmed/34834667 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112304 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Liu, Runqiang Li, Jingchong Zhang, Lei Feng, Ta Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Baohong Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
title | Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
title_full | Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
title_fullStr | Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
title_full_unstemmed | Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
title_short | Fungicide Difenoconazole Induced Biochemical and Developmental Toxicity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) |
title_sort | fungicide difenoconazole induced biochemical and developmental toxicity in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8621447/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34834667 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112304 |
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