Alternative Pathway Is Involved in Hydrogen Peroxide-Enhanced Cadmium Tolerance in Hulless Barley Roots

Hulless barley, grown in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, has a wide range of environmental stress tolerance. Alternative pathway (AP) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) are involved in enhancing plant tolerance to environmental stresses. However, the relationship between H(2)O(2) and AP in hulless barley tolerance to cadmium (Cd) stress remains unclear. In the study, the role and relationship of AP and H(2)O(2) under Cd stress were investigated in hulless barley (Kunlun14) and common barley (Ganpi6). Results showed that the expression level of alternative oxidase (AOX) genes (mainly AOX1a), AP capacity (V(alt)), and AOX protein were clearly induced more in Kunlun14 than in Ganpi 6 under Cd stress; moreover, these parameters were further enhanced by applying H(2)O(2). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, electrolyte leakage (EL) and NAD(P)H to NAD(P) ratio also increased in Cd-treated roots, especially in Kunlun 14, which can be markedly alleviated by exogenous H(2)O(2). However, this mitigating effect was aggravated by salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM, an AOX inhibitor), suggesting AP contributes to the H(2)O(2)-enhanced Cd tolerance. Further study demonstrated that the effect of SHAM on the antioxidant enzymes and antioxidants was minimal. Taken together, hulless barley has higher tolerance to Cd than common barley; and in the process, AP exerts an indispensable function in the H(2)O(2)-enhanced Cd tolerance. AP is mainly responsible for the decrease of ROS levels by dissipating excess reducing equivalents.