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Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events—Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs?
Zoonotic infections of humans with influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animal reservoirs can result in severe disease in individuals and, in rare cases, lead to pandemic outbreaks; this is exemplified by numerous cases of human infection with avian IAVs (AIVs) and the 2009 swine influenza pandemic. In f...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8624301/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34835056 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112250 |
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author | Kessler, Susanne Harder, Timm C. Schwemmle, Martin Ciminski, Kevin |
author_facet | Kessler, Susanne Harder, Timm C. Schwemmle, Martin Ciminski, Kevin |
author_sort | Kessler, Susanne |
collection | PubMed |
description | Zoonotic infections of humans with influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animal reservoirs can result in severe disease in individuals and, in rare cases, lead to pandemic outbreaks; this is exemplified by numerous cases of human infection with avian IAVs (AIVs) and the 2009 swine influenza pandemic. In fact, zoonotic transmissions are strongly facilitated by manmade reservoirs that were created through the intensification and industrialization of livestock farming. This can be witnessed by the repeated introduction of IAVs from natural reservoirs of aquatic wild bird metapopulations into swine and poultry, and the accompanied emergence of partially- or fully-adapted human pathogenic viruses. On the other side, human adapted IAV have been (and still are) introduced into livestock by reverse zoonotic transmission. This link to manmade reservoirs was also observed before the 20th century, when horses seemed to have been an important reservoir for IAVs but lost relevance when the populations declined due to increasing industrialization. Therefore, to reduce zoonotic events, it is important to control the spread of IAV within these animal reservoirs, for example with efficient vaccination strategies, but also to critically surveil the different manmade reservoirs to evaluate the emergence of new IAV strains with pandemic potential. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8624301 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86243012021-11-27 Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events—Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs? Kessler, Susanne Harder, Timm C. Schwemmle, Martin Ciminski, Kevin Viruses Review Zoonotic infections of humans with influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animal reservoirs can result in severe disease in individuals and, in rare cases, lead to pandemic outbreaks; this is exemplified by numerous cases of human infection with avian IAVs (AIVs) and the 2009 swine influenza pandemic. In fact, zoonotic transmissions are strongly facilitated by manmade reservoirs that were created through the intensification and industrialization of livestock farming. This can be witnessed by the repeated introduction of IAVs from natural reservoirs of aquatic wild bird metapopulations into swine and poultry, and the accompanied emergence of partially- or fully-adapted human pathogenic viruses. On the other side, human adapted IAV have been (and still are) introduced into livestock by reverse zoonotic transmission. This link to manmade reservoirs was also observed before the 20th century, when horses seemed to have been an important reservoir for IAVs but lost relevance when the populations declined due to increasing industrialization. Therefore, to reduce zoonotic events, it is important to control the spread of IAV within these animal reservoirs, for example with efficient vaccination strategies, but also to critically surveil the different manmade reservoirs to evaluate the emergence of new IAV strains with pandemic potential. MDPI 2021-11-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8624301/ /pubmed/34835056 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112250 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Kessler, Susanne Harder, Timm C. Schwemmle, Martin Ciminski, Kevin Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events—Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs? |
title | Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events—Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs? |
title_full | Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events—Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs? |
title_fullStr | Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events—Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs? |
title_full_unstemmed | Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events—Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs? |
title_short | Influenza A Viruses and Zoonotic Events—Are We Creating Our Own Reservoirs? |
title_sort | influenza a viruses and zoonotic events—are we creating our own reservoirs? |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8624301/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34835056 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112250 |
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