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Follow the Metaplasia: Characteristics and Oncogenic Implications of Metaplasia’s Pattern of Spread Throughout the Stomach

The human stomach functions as both a digestive and innate immune organ. Its main product, acid, rapidly breaks down ingested products and equally serves as a highly effective microbial filter. The gastric epithelium has evolved mechanisms to appropriately handle the myriad of injurious substances,...

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Autor principal: Sáenz, José B.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8633114/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34869328
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.741574
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author Sáenz, José B.
author_facet Sáenz, José B.
author_sort Sáenz, José B.
collection PubMed
description The human stomach functions as both a digestive and innate immune organ. Its main product, acid, rapidly breaks down ingested products and equally serves as a highly effective microbial filter. The gastric epithelium has evolved mechanisms to appropriately handle the myriad of injurious substances, both exogenous and endogenous, to maintain the epithelial barrier and restore homeostasis. The most significant chronic insult that the stomach must face is Helicobacter pylori (Hp), a stomach-adapted bacterium that can colonize the stomach and induce chronic inflammatory and pre-neoplastic changes. The progression from chronic inflammation to dysplasia relies on the decades-long interplay between this oncobacterium and its gastric host. This review summarizes the functional and molecular regionalization of the stomach at homeostasis and details how chronic inflammation can lead to characteristic alterations in these developmental demarcations, both at the topographic and glandular levels. More importantly, this review illustrates our current understanding of the epithelial mechanisms that underlie the pre-malignant gastric landscape, how Hp adapts to and exploits these changes, and the clinical implications of identifying these changes in order to stratify patients at risk of developing gastric cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
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spelling pubmed-86331142021-12-02 Follow the Metaplasia: Characteristics and Oncogenic Implications of Metaplasia’s Pattern of Spread Throughout the Stomach Sáenz, José B. Front Cell Dev Biol Cell and Developmental Biology The human stomach functions as both a digestive and innate immune organ. Its main product, acid, rapidly breaks down ingested products and equally serves as a highly effective microbial filter. The gastric epithelium has evolved mechanisms to appropriately handle the myriad of injurious substances, both exogenous and endogenous, to maintain the epithelial barrier and restore homeostasis. The most significant chronic insult that the stomach must face is Helicobacter pylori (Hp), a stomach-adapted bacterium that can colonize the stomach and induce chronic inflammatory and pre-neoplastic changes. The progression from chronic inflammation to dysplasia relies on the decades-long interplay between this oncobacterium and its gastric host. This review summarizes the functional and molecular regionalization of the stomach at homeostasis and details how chronic inflammation can lead to characteristic alterations in these developmental demarcations, both at the topographic and glandular levels. More importantly, this review illustrates our current understanding of the epithelial mechanisms that underlie the pre-malignant gastric landscape, how Hp adapts to and exploits these changes, and the clinical implications of identifying these changes in order to stratify patients at risk of developing gastric cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-11-12 /pmc/articles/PMC8633114/ /pubmed/34869328 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.741574 Text en Copyright © 2021 Sáenz. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Cell and Developmental Biology
Sáenz, José B.
Follow the Metaplasia: Characteristics and Oncogenic Implications of Metaplasia’s Pattern of Spread Throughout the Stomach
title Follow the Metaplasia: Characteristics and Oncogenic Implications of Metaplasia’s Pattern of Spread Throughout the Stomach
title_full Follow the Metaplasia: Characteristics and Oncogenic Implications of Metaplasia’s Pattern of Spread Throughout the Stomach
title_fullStr Follow the Metaplasia: Characteristics and Oncogenic Implications of Metaplasia’s Pattern of Spread Throughout the Stomach
title_full_unstemmed Follow the Metaplasia: Characteristics and Oncogenic Implications of Metaplasia’s Pattern of Spread Throughout the Stomach
title_short Follow the Metaplasia: Characteristics and Oncogenic Implications of Metaplasia’s Pattern of Spread Throughout the Stomach
title_sort follow the metaplasia: characteristics and oncogenic implications of metaplasia’s pattern of spread throughout the stomach
topic Cell and Developmental Biology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8633114/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34869328
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.741574
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