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Composition of Flavonoids in the Petals of Freesia and Prediction of Four Novel Transcription Factors Involving in Freesia Flavonoid Pathway
Freesia hybrida is rich in flower colors with beautiful flower shapes and pleasant aroma. Flavonoids are vital to the color formation of its flowers. In this study, five Freesia cultivars with different flower colors were used to study on the level of accumulation of their flavonoids and expression...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634401/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34868147 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.756300 |
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author | Zhu, Jiayi Guo, Xueying Li, Xin Tang, Dongqin |
author_facet | Zhu, Jiayi Guo, Xueying Li, Xin Tang, Dongqin |
author_sort | Zhu, Jiayi |
collection | PubMed |
description | Freesia hybrida is rich in flower colors with beautiful flower shapes and pleasant aroma. Flavonoids are vital to the color formation of its flowers. In this study, five Freesia cultivars with different flower colors were used to study on the level of accumulation of their flavonoids and expression of flavonoid-related genes and further explore new novel transcription factor (TF). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and VION ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) were used to determine the flavonoids. Combined with transcriptome sequencing technology, the molecular mechanism of the flavonoid metabolism difference in Freesia was revealed. A total of 10 anthoxanthin components and 12 anthocyanin components were detected using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. All six common anthocyanin aglycones in high plants, including cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, malvidin, and pelargonidin, were detected in Freesia at first time in this study. In orange, yellow, and white cultivars, anthoxanthins gradually decreased with the opening of the petals, while in red and purple cultivars, anthoxanthins first increased and then decreased. No anthocyanin was detected in yellow and white cultivars, while anthocyanins increased with the opening of the petals and reached their maximum at the flowering stage (S3) in other three cultivars. The correlation analysis revealed that the color of Freesia petals was closely related to the composition and content of anthoxanthins and anthocyanins. Petals of five cultivars at S3 were then selected for transcriptome sequencing by using the Illumina Hiseq 4000 platform, and a total of 100,539 unigenes were obtained. There were totally 5,162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) when the four colored cultivars were compared with the white cultivar at S3. Comparing all DEGs with gene ontology (GO), KEGG, and Pfam databases, it was found that the genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were significantly different. In addition, AP2, WRKY, and bHLH TF families ranked the top three among all differently expressed TFs in all DEGs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) technology was used to analyze the expression patterns of the structural genes of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in Freesia. The results showed that metabolic process was affected significantly by structural genes in this pathway, such as CHS1, CHI2, DFR1, ANS1, 3GT1, and FLS1. Cluster analysis was performed by using all annotated WRKY and AP2 TFs and the above structural genes based on their relatively expression. Four novel candidate TFs of WRKY and AP2 family were screened. Their spatiotemporal expression patterns revealed that these four novel TFs may participate in the regulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis, thus controlling its color formation in Freesia petals. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8634401 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86344012021-12-02 Composition of Flavonoids in the Petals of Freesia and Prediction of Four Novel Transcription Factors Involving in Freesia Flavonoid Pathway Zhu, Jiayi Guo, Xueying Li, Xin Tang, Dongqin Front Plant Sci Plant Science Freesia hybrida is rich in flower colors with beautiful flower shapes and pleasant aroma. Flavonoids are vital to the color formation of its flowers. In this study, five Freesia cultivars with different flower colors were used to study on the level of accumulation of their flavonoids and expression of flavonoid-related genes and further explore new novel transcription factor (TF). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and VION ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) were used to determine the flavonoids. Combined with transcriptome sequencing technology, the molecular mechanism of the flavonoid metabolism difference in Freesia was revealed. A total of 10 anthoxanthin components and 12 anthocyanin components were detected using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. All six common anthocyanin aglycones in high plants, including cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, malvidin, and pelargonidin, were detected in Freesia at first time in this study. In orange, yellow, and white cultivars, anthoxanthins gradually decreased with the opening of the petals, while in red and purple cultivars, anthoxanthins first increased and then decreased. No anthocyanin was detected in yellow and white cultivars, while anthocyanins increased with the opening of the petals and reached their maximum at the flowering stage (S3) in other three cultivars. The correlation analysis revealed that the color of Freesia petals was closely related to the composition and content of anthoxanthins and anthocyanins. Petals of five cultivars at S3 were then selected for transcriptome sequencing by using the Illumina Hiseq 4000 platform, and a total of 100,539 unigenes were obtained. There were totally 5,162 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) when the four colored cultivars were compared with the white cultivar at S3. Comparing all DEGs with gene ontology (GO), KEGG, and Pfam databases, it was found that the genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were significantly different. In addition, AP2, WRKY, and bHLH TF families ranked the top three among all differently expressed TFs in all DEGs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) technology was used to analyze the expression patterns of the structural genes of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in Freesia. The results showed that metabolic process was affected significantly by structural genes in this pathway, such as CHS1, CHI2, DFR1, ANS1, 3GT1, and FLS1. Cluster analysis was performed by using all annotated WRKY and AP2 TFs and the above structural genes based on their relatively expression. Four novel candidate TFs of WRKY and AP2 family were screened. Their spatiotemporal expression patterns revealed that these four novel TFs may participate in the regulation of the flavonoid biosynthesis, thus controlling its color formation in Freesia petals. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-11-15 /pmc/articles/PMC8634401/ /pubmed/34868147 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.756300 Text en Copyright © 2021 Zhu, Guo, Li and Tang. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Plant Science Zhu, Jiayi Guo, Xueying Li, Xin Tang, Dongqin Composition of Flavonoids in the Petals of Freesia and Prediction of Four Novel Transcription Factors Involving in Freesia Flavonoid Pathway |
title | Composition of Flavonoids in the Petals of Freesia and Prediction of Four Novel Transcription Factors Involving in Freesia Flavonoid Pathway |
title_full | Composition of Flavonoids in the Petals of Freesia and Prediction of Four Novel Transcription Factors Involving in Freesia Flavonoid Pathway |
title_fullStr | Composition of Flavonoids in the Petals of Freesia and Prediction of Four Novel Transcription Factors Involving in Freesia Flavonoid Pathway |
title_full_unstemmed | Composition of Flavonoids in the Petals of Freesia and Prediction of Four Novel Transcription Factors Involving in Freesia Flavonoid Pathway |
title_short | Composition of Flavonoids in the Petals of Freesia and Prediction of Four Novel Transcription Factors Involving in Freesia Flavonoid Pathway |
title_sort | composition of flavonoids in the petals of freesia and prediction of four novel transcription factors involving in freesia flavonoid pathway |
topic | Plant Science |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8634401/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34868147 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.756300 |
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