Morphology engineering of type-II heterojunction nanoarrays for improved sonophotocatalytic capability

Sonophotocatalysis is one of the most significant outcomes of the exploration of the interaction between piezoelectric field and charge carriers, which exhibits potential applications in dye degradation, water splitting, and sterilization. Although several heterojunction catalysts have been applied to improve the sonophotocatalytic capability, the importance of the morphology on the sonophotocatalytic capability has not been emphasized. In this study, brush-like ZnO nanorod arrays are synthesized on a stainless-steel mesh and subsequently vulcanized into ZnO/ZnS core–shell nanorod arrays to investigate the sonophotocatalytic capability of the heterojunction. The sonophotocatalytic capability increases from 25.1% to 45.4% through vulcanization. Afterward, the ZnO/ZnS nanorods are etched to ZnO/ZnS nanotubes without affecting the crystallography and distribution of the ZnS nanoparticle shell, further improving the capability to 63.3%. The improvement can be ascribed to the coupling effect of the enhanced piezoelectric field and the reduced migration distance, which suppresses the recombination of photoexcited electron–hole pairs while transforming the morphology from nanorod to nanotube, as proven by the electron spin resonance test and numerical simulations. This study explores a novel approach of morphology engineering for enhancing the sonophotocatalytic capability of heterojunction nanoarrays.