Cargando…
Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm
Viral production is a key parameter for assessing virus-mediated biogeochemical cycles. One widely used method for the determination of viral production, called the virus reduction assay, reduces viral abundance, while maintaining bacterial abundance, using 0.2-μm pore-size filters. Viral production...
Autores principales: | , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8637275/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34867916 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.774849 |
_version_ | 1784608708380065792 |
---|---|
author | Yang, Yanhui Nagata, Toshi |
author_facet | Yang, Yanhui Nagata, Toshi |
author_sort | Yang, Yanhui |
collection | PubMed |
description | Viral production is a key parameter for assessing virus-mediated biogeochemical cycles. One widely used method for the determination of viral production, called the virus reduction assay, reduces viral abundance, while maintaining bacterial abundance, using 0.2-μm pore-size filters. Viral production is estimated from the increase of viral abundance during incubation. We hypothesized that small-cell-sized bacterial communities can pass through 0.2-μm filters and drive viral production, representing a missing fraction of viral production that is missed by the virus reduction assay. Coastal seawater was filtered through 0.2-μm filters and diluted with virus-free seawater. Viral production in the <0.2-μm filtrate was estimated from changes in viral abundance determined through flow cytometry. We found that viruses were produced in the <0.2-μm communities, which were strongly enriched with low nucleic acid content bacteria. Estimated viral production in the <0.2-μm filtrates accounted for up to 43% of total viral production and 10% of dissolved organic carbon production mediated by viral lysis of bacterial cells. By not considering viral production in these <0.2-μm communities, the virus reduction assay may underestimate viral production. Virus–bacteria interactions in <0.2-μm communities may represent a significant and overlooked role of viruses in marine food webs and carbon fluxes. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8637275 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86372752021-12-03 Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm Yang, Yanhui Nagata, Toshi Front Microbiol Microbiology Viral production is a key parameter for assessing virus-mediated biogeochemical cycles. One widely used method for the determination of viral production, called the virus reduction assay, reduces viral abundance, while maintaining bacterial abundance, using 0.2-μm pore-size filters. Viral production is estimated from the increase of viral abundance during incubation. We hypothesized that small-cell-sized bacterial communities can pass through 0.2-μm filters and drive viral production, representing a missing fraction of viral production that is missed by the virus reduction assay. Coastal seawater was filtered through 0.2-μm filters and diluted with virus-free seawater. Viral production in the <0.2-μm filtrate was estimated from changes in viral abundance determined through flow cytometry. We found that viruses were produced in the <0.2-μm communities, which were strongly enriched with low nucleic acid content bacteria. Estimated viral production in the <0.2-μm filtrates accounted for up to 43% of total viral production and 10% of dissolved organic carbon production mediated by viral lysis of bacterial cells. By not considering viral production in these <0.2-μm communities, the virus reduction assay may underestimate viral production. Virus–bacteria interactions in <0.2-μm communities may represent a significant and overlooked role of viruses in marine food webs and carbon fluxes. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-11-18 /pmc/articles/PMC8637275/ /pubmed/34867916 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.774849 Text en Copyright © 2021 Yang and Nagata. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Microbiology Yang, Yanhui Nagata, Toshi Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm |
title | Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm |
title_full | Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm |
title_fullStr | Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm |
title_full_unstemmed | Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm |
title_short | Viral Production in Seawater Filtered Through 0.2-μm Pore-Size Filters: A Hidden Biogeochemical Cycle in a Neglected Realm |
title_sort | viral production in seawater filtered through 0.2-μm pore-size filters: a hidden biogeochemical cycle in a neglected realm |
topic | Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8637275/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34867916 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.774849 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT yangyanhui viralproductioninseawaterfilteredthrough02mmporesizefiltersahiddenbiogeochemicalcycleinaneglectedrealm AT nagatatoshi viralproductioninseawaterfilteredthrough02mmporesizefiltersahiddenbiogeochemicalcycleinaneglectedrealm |