Biomonitoring of urinary metals in athletes according to particulate matter air pollution before and after exercise

Exposure to air pollution during physical exercise is a health issue because fine particulate matter (dimension < 10 μm; PM(10)) includes several inhalable toxic metals. Body metal changes in athletes according to air pollution are poorly known. Urinary concentrations of 15 metals: beryllium (Be(9)), aluminum (Al(27)), vanadium (V(51)), chromium (Cr(51) + Cr(52)), manganese (Mn(55)), cobalt (Co(59)), nickel (Ni(61)), copper (Cu(63)), zinc (Zn(61)), arsenic (As(75)), selenium (Se(82)), cadmium (Cd(111) + Cd(112)), thallium (Tl(125)), lead (Pb(207)), and uranium (U(238)) were measured before and after ten 2-h training sessions in 8 non-professional Italian American-football players (18–28 years old, body mass index 24.2–33.6 kg/m(2)). Collectively, post-training sessions, urinary concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Tl, and Zn were higher than pre-training sessions; Al, Be, Cr, and U did not change; conversely, V decreased. Subdividing training sessions according to air PM(10) levels: low (< 20 μg/m(3)), medium (20–40 μg/m(3)), and high (> 40 μg/m(3)), pre-session and post-session urinary concentrations of Be, Cd, Cu, and Tl were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in more polluted days, whereas V concentrations were lower (p < 0.001). All the remaining metals were unaffected. We first showed that PM(10) levels modulate urinary excretion of some toxic metals suggesting an effect of air pollution. The effects of toxic metals inhaled by athletes exercising in polluted air need further studies.