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Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers

Parallel to the growing use of kratom, there is a wealth of evidence from self-report, preclinical, and early clinical studies on therapeutic benefits of its alkaloids in particular for treating pain, managing substance use disorder, and coping with emotional or mental health conditions. On the othe...

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Autores principales: Hanapi, Nur Aziah, Chear, Nelson Jeng-Yeou, Azizi, Juzaili, Yusof, Siti R.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8637859/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34867362
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.751656
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author Hanapi, Nur Aziah
Chear, Nelson Jeng-Yeou
Azizi, Juzaili
Yusof, Siti R.
author_facet Hanapi, Nur Aziah
Chear, Nelson Jeng-Yeou
Azizi, Juzaili
Yusof, Siti R.
author_sort Hanapi, Nur Aziah
collection PubMed
description Parallel to the growing use of kratom, there is a wealth of evidence from self-report, preclinical, and early clinical studies on therapeutic benefits of its alkaloids in particular for treating pain, managing substance use disorder, and coping with emotional or mental health conditions. On the other hand, there are also reports on potential health risks concerning kratom use. These two aspects are often discussed in reviews on kratom. Here, we aim to highlight specific areas that are of importance to give insights into the mechanistic of kratom alkaloids pharmacological actions. This includes their interactions with drug-metabolizing enzymes and predictions of clinical drug-drug interactions, receptor-binding properties, interactions with cellular barriers in regards to barrier permeability, involvement of membrane transporters, and alteration of barrier function when exposed to the alkaloids.
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spelling pubmed-86378592021-12-03 Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers Hanapi, Nur Aziah Chear, Nelson Jeng-Yeou Azizi, Juzaili Yusof, Siti R. Front Pharmacol Pharmacology Parallel to the growing use of kratom, there is a wealth of evidence from self-report, preclinical, and early clinical studies on therapeutic benefits of its alkaloids in particular for treating pain, managing substance use disorder, and coping with emotional or mental health conditions. On the other hand, there are also reports on potential health risks concerning kratom use. These two aspects are often discussed in reviews on kratom. Here, we aim to highlight specific areas that are of importance to give insights into the mechanistic of kratom alkaloids pharmacological actions. This includes their interactions with drug-metabolizing enzymes and predictions of clinical drug-drug interactions, receptor-binding properties, interactions with cellular barriers in regards to barrier permeability, involvement of membrane transporters, and alteration of barrier function when exposed to the alkaloids. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-11-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8637859/ /pubmed/34867362 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.751656 Text en Copyright © 2021 Hanapi, Chear, Azizi and Yusof. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Pharmacology
Hanapi, Nur Aziah
Chear, Nelson Jeng-Yeou
Azizi, Juzaili
Yusof, Siti R.
Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers
title Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers
title_full Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers
title_fullStr Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers
title_full_unstemmed Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers
title_short Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers
title_sort kratom alkaloids: interactions with enzymes, receptors, and cellular barriers
topic Pharmacology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8637859/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34867362
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.751656
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