Acute subdural haematoma in the elderly: to operate or not to operate? A systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes following surgery

OBJECTIVES: Acute subdural haematoma (ASDH) is a devastating pathology commonly found on CT brain scans of patients with traumatic brain injury. The role of surgical intervention in the elderly has been increasingly questioned due to its associated morbidity and mortality. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to quantify the mortality and functional outcomes associated with surgical management of ASDH in the elderly was performed. DESIGN/SETTING: A multidatabase literature search between January 1990 and May 2020, and meta-analysis of proportions was performed to quantify mortality and unfavourable outcome (Glasgow Outcome scale 1–3; death/ severe disability) rates. PARTICIPANTS: Studies reporting patients aged 60 years or older. INTERVENTIONS: Craniotomy, decompressive craniectomy, conservative management. OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality and functional outcomes (discharge, long-term follow-up (LTFU)). RESULTS: 2572 articles were screened, yielding 21 studies for final inclusion and 15 for meta-analysis. Pooled estimates of mortality were 39.83% (95% CI 32.73% to 47.14%; 10 studies, 308/739 patients, I(2)=73%) at discharge and 49.30% (95% CI 42.01% to 56.61%; 10 studies, 277/555 patients, I(2)=63%) at LTFU. Mean duration of follow-up was 7.1 months (range 2–12 months). Pooled estimate of percentage of poor outcomes was 81.18% (95% CI 75.61% to 86.21%; 6 studies, 363/451 patients, I(2)=45%) at discharge, and 79.25% (95% CI 72.42% to 85.37%; 8 studies, 402/511 patients, I(2)=66%) at LTFU. Mean duration of follow-up was 6.4 months (range 2–12 months). Potential risk factors for poor outcome included age, baseline functional status, preoperative neurological status and imaging parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes following surgical evacuation of ASDH in patients aged 60 years and above are poor. This constitutes the best level of evidence in the current literature that surgical intervention for ASDH in the elderly carries significant risks, which must be weighed against benefits. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020189508.