QTL and candidate gene identification of the node of the first fruiting branch (NFFB) by QTL-seq in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

BACKGROUND: The node of the first fruiting branch (NFFB) is an important precocious trait in cotton. Many studies have been conducted on the localization of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes related to fiber quality and yield, but there has been little attention to traits related to early maturity, especially the NFFB, in cotton. RESULTS: To identify the QTL associated with the NFFB in cotton, a BC(4)F(2) population comprising 278 individual plants was constructed. The parents and two DNA bulks for high and low NFFB were whole genome sequenced, and 243.8 Gb of clean nucleotide data were generated. A total of 449,302 polymorphic SNPs and 135,353 Indels between two bulks were identified for QTL-seq. Seventeen QTLs were detected and localized on 11 chromosomes in the cotton genome, among which two QTLs (qNFFB-Dt2–1 and qNFFB-Dt3–3) were located in hotspots. Two candidate genes (GhAPL and GhHDA5) related to the NFFB were identified using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments in this study. Both genes exhibited higher expression levels in the early-maturing cotton material RIL182 during flower bud differentiation, and the silencing of GhAPL and GhHDA5 delayed the flowering time and increased the NFFB compared to those of VA plants in cotton. CONCLUSIONS: Our study preliminarily found that GhAPL and GhHDA5 are related to the early maturity in cotton. The findings provide a basis for the further functional verification of candidate genes related to the NFFB and contribute to the study of early maturity in cotton. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08164-2.