Bloodstream infection by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a COVID-19 patient receiving probiotic supplementation in the ICU in Brazil

Care-related infections (CRIs) have a negative impact on the morbidity and mortality of patients in intensive care. Among them, fungal infections (e.g. Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp.) have high mortality in critically ill patients, particularly those with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and immunosuppression. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes severe respiratory changes and deregulation of the immune system. Here, we describe a case of fungal infection in an intensive care unit (ICU) patient with COVID-19 caused by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast widely used in the baking and wine production industries. It is also used as a probiotic, both for prevention and as adjunctive therapy in patients with diarrhoea. The patient was admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of COVID-19, respiratory failure, complications of ARDS and renal failure, and was being treated with antibiotics and vasoactive amines. Later, the patient had diarrhoea and, after supplementation with Saccharomyces, he developed a bloodstream infection with Saccharomyces. The patient died after 61 days of hospitalization due to thrombocytopenia and bleeding. This case report suggests avoiding the use of probiotics in intensive care patients under the administration of antibiotics and amines, and with damage to the intestinal mucosa and immunodeficiency caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), since these factors could favour the translocation of fungi.