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Coagulation in Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system maintains homeostasis of the internal environment between the cells in tissues and the blood circulation. The coagulation state of lymph is determined by conditions of coagulation factors and lymphatic vessels. Internal obliteration, external compression or abnormally increased...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8652051/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34901222 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.762648 |
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author | Zhang, Wendi Li, Jiang Liang, Jiangjiu Qi, Xiumei Tian, Jinghui Liu, Ju |
author_facet | Zhang, Wendi Li, Jiang Liang, Jiangjiu Qi, Xiumei Tian, Jinghui Liu, Ju |
author_sort | Zhang, Wendi |
collection | PubMed |
description | The lymphatic system maintains homeostasis of the internal environment between the cells in tissues and the blood circulation. The coagulation state of lymph is determined by conditions of coagulation factors and lymphatic vessels. Internal obliteration, external compression or abnormally increased lymphatic pressure may predispose to localized lymphatic coagulation. In physiological conditions, an imbalance of antithrombin and thrombokinase reduces lymphatic thrombosis. However, the release of factor X by lymphatic endothelium injury may trigger coagulation casacade, causing blockage of lymphatic vessels and lymphedema. Heterogeneity of lymphatic vessels in various tissues may lead to distinct levels and patterns of coagulation in specific lymphatic vessels. The quantitative and qualitative measurement of clotting characteristic reveals longer time for clotting to occur in the lymph than in the blood. Cancer, infections, amyloidosis and lymph node dissection may trigger thrombosis in the lymphatic vessels. In contrast to venous or arterial thrombosis, lymphatic thrombosis has rarely been reported, and its actual prevalence is likely underestimated. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of coagulation in lymphatic system, and discuss the lymphatic thrombosis-related diseases. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8652051 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86520512021-12-09 Coagulation in Lymphatic System Zhang, Wendi Li, Jiang Liang, Jiangjiu Qi, Xiumei Tian, Jinghui Liu, Ju Front Cardiovasc Med Cardiovascular Medicine The lymphatic system maintains homeostasis of the internal environment between the cells in tissues and the blood circulation. The coagulation state of lymph is determined by conditions of coagulation factors and lymphatic vessels. Internal obliteration, external compression or abnormally increased lymphatic pressure may predispose to localized lymphatic coagulation. In physiological conditions, an imbalance of antithrombin and thrombokinase reduces lymphatic thrombosis. However, the release of factor X by lymphatic endothelium injury may trigger coagulation casacade, causing blockage of lymphatic vessels and lymphedema. Heterogeneity of lymphatic vessels in various tissues may lead to distinct levels and patterns of coagulation in specific lymphatic vessels. The quantitative and qualitative measurement of clotting characteristic reveals longer time for clotting to occur in the lymph than in the blood. Cancer, infections, amyloidosis and lymph node dissection may trigger thrombosis in the lymphatic vessels. In contrast to venous or arterial thrombosis, lymphatic thrombosis has rarely been reported, and its actual prevalence is likely underestimated. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of coagulation in lymphatic system, and discuss the lymphatic thrombosis-related diseases. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-11-24 /pmc/articles/PMC8652051/ /pubmed/34901222 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.762648 Text en Copyright © 2021 Zhang, Li, Liang, Qi, Tian and Liu. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cardiovascular Medicine Zhang, Wendi Li, Jiang Liang, Jiangjiu Qi, Xiumei Tian, Jinghui Liu, Ju Coagulation in Lymphatic System |
title | Coagulation in Lymphatic System |
title_full | Coagulation in Lymphatic System |
title_fullStr | Coagulation in Lymphatic System |
title_full_unstemmed | Coagulation in Lymphatic System |
title_short | Coagulation in Lymphatic System |
title_sort | coagulation in lymphatic system |
topic | Cardiovascular Medicine |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8652051/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34901222 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.762648 |
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