Serum magnesium in diabetic retinopathy: the association needs investigation

BACKGROUND: Magnesium has an essential role in glucose metabolism, and hypomagnesaemia is common in diabetes mellitus. However, the relationship between serum magnesium and diabetic retinopathy is poorly understood. AIM: To determine the association between serum magnesium levels and retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients with normal renal function and to correlate it with severity of retinopathy. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a semi-urban tertiary-care teaching hospital. Clinicodemographic profile and serum magnesium levels were determined in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) with (group 1) and without (group 2) retinopathy. Serum magnesium levels were correlated with the presence and severity of retinopathy. RESULTS: Of 104 type 2 DM patients, 50 had retinopathy. Younger age, longer duration of disease and poorer glycaemic control (p < 0.05) were found to be associated with retinopathy. The mean serum magnesium levels in patients with retinopathy and those without retinopathy were 1.63 ± 0.30 mg/dL and 1.76 ± 0.22 mg/dL, respectively (p = 0.029). Reduced serum magnesium was associated with elevated fasting sugars (p = 0.019) and female gender (p = 0.037). On comparative analysis of patients with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR), non-STDR and no retinopathy by ANOVA test, patients with STDR had significantly lower serum magnesium (1.55 ± 0.33 mg/dL) (p = 0.031). CONCLUSION: Serum magnesium levels were lower in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Patients with STDR had lower serum magnesium compared with those without STDR. SUMMARY: Serum magnesium, studied extensively for its role in glucose metabolism, was found to be lower in patients with diabetic retinopathy compared with those without retinopathy. Sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy had significantly lower levels of serum magnesium.