BaGdF(5) Nanophosphors Doped with Different Concentrations of Eu(3+) for Application in X-ray Photodynamic Therapy

X-ray photodynamic therapy (XPDT) has been recently considered as an efficient alternative to conventional radiotherapy of malignant tissues. Nanocomposites for XPDT typically consist of two components—a nanophosphor which re-emits X-rays into visible light that in turn is absorbed by the second component, a photosensitizer, for further generation of reactive oxygen species. In this study, BaGdF(5) nanophosphors doped with different Eu:Gd ratios in the range from 0.01 to 0.50 were synthesized by the microwave route. According to transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the average size of nanophosphors was ~12 nm. Furthermore, different coatings with amorphous SiO(2) and citrates were systematically studied. Micro-CT imaging demonstrated superior X-ray attenuation and sufficient contrast in the liver and the spleen after intravenous injection of citric acid-coated nanoparticles. In case of the SiO(2) surface, post-treatment core–shell morphology was verified via TEM and the possibility of tunable shell size was reported. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis revealed mesoporous SiO(2) formation characterized by the slit-shaped type of pores that should be accessible for methylene blue photosensitizer molecules. It was shown that SiO(2) coating subsequently facilitates methylene blue conjugation and results in the formation of the BaGdF(5): 10% Eu(3+)@SiO(2)@MB nanocomposite as a promising candidate for application in XPDT.