Dityrosine Crosslinking of Collagen and Amyloid-β Peptides Is Formed by Vitamin B(12) Deficiency-Generated Oxidative Stress in Caenorhabditis elegans

(1) Background: Vitamin B(12) deficiency in Caenorhabditis elegans results in severe oxidative stress and induces morphological abnormality in mutants due to disordered cuticle collagen biosynthesis. We clarified the underlying mechanism leading to such mutant worms due to vitamin B(12) deficiency. (2) Results: The deficient worms exhibited decreased collagen levels of up to approximately 59% compared with the control. Although vitamin B(12) deficiency did not affect the mRNA expression of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, which catalyzes the formation of 4-hydroxyproline involved in intercellular collagen biosynthesis, the level of ascorbic acid, a prolyl 4-hydroxylase coenzyme, was markedly decreased. Dityrosine crosslinking is involved in the extracellular maturation of worm collagen. The dityrosine level of collagen significantly increased in the deficient worms compared with the control. However, vitamin B(12) deficiency hardly affected the mRNA expression levels of bli-3 and mlt-7, which are encoding crosslinking-related enzymes, suggesting that deficiency-induced oxidative stress leads to dityrosine crosslinking. Moreover, using GMC101 mutant worms that express the full-length human amyloid β, we found that vitamin B(12) deficiency did not affect the gene and protein expressions of amyloid β but increased the formation of dityrosine crosslinking in the amyloid β protein. (3) Conclusions: Vitamin B(12)-deficient wild-type worms showed motility dysfunction due to decreased collagen levels and the formation of highly tyrosine-crosslinked collagen, potentially reducing their flexibility. In GMC101 mutant worms, vitamin B(12) deficiency-induced oxidative stress triggers dityrosine-crosslinked amyloid β formation, which might promote its stabilization and toxic oligomerization.