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Antimicrobial Resistance and Inorganic Nanoparticles

Antibiotics are being less effective, which leads to high mortality in patients with infections and a high cost for the recovery of health, and the projections that are had for the future are not very encouraging which has led to consider antimicrobial resistance as a global health problem and to be...

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Autores principales: Balderrama-González, Andrea-Sarahí, Piñón-Castillo, Hilda-Amelia, Ramírez-Valdespino, Claudia-Adriana, Landeros-Martínez, Linda-Lucila, Orrantia-Borunda, Erasmo, Esparza-Ponce, Hilda-Esperanza
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8657868/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34884695
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312890
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author Balderrama-González, Andrea-Sarahí
Piñón-Castillo, Hilda-Amelia
Ramírez-Valdespino, Claudia-Adriana
Landeros-Martínez, Linda-Lucila
Orrantia-Borunda, Erasmo
Esparza-Ponce, Hilda-Esperanza
author_facet Balderrama-González, Andrea-Sarahí
Piñón-Castillo, Hilda-Amelia
Ramírez-Valdespino, Claudia-Adriana
Landeros-Martínez, Linda-Lucila
Orrantia-Borunda, Erasmo
Esparza-Ponce, Hilda-Esperanza
author_sort Balderrama-González, Andrea-Sarahí
collection PubMed
description Antibiotics are being less effective, which leads to high mortality in patients with infections and a high cost for the recovery of health, and the projections that are had for the future are not very encouraging which has led to consider antimicrobial resistance as a global health problem and to be the object of study by researchers. Although resistance to antibiotics occurs naturally, its appearance and spread have been increasing rapidly due to the inappropriate use of antibiotics in recent decades. A bacterium becomes resistant due to the transfer of genes encoding antibiotic resistance. Bacteria constantly mutate; therefore, their defense mechanisms mutate, as well. Nanotechnology plays a key role in antimicrobial resistance due to materials modified at the nanometer scale, allowing large numbers of molecules to assemble to have a dynamic interface. These nanomaterials act as carriers, and their design is mainly focused on introducing the temporal and spatial release of the payload of antibiotics. In addition, they generate new antimicrobial modalities for the bacteria, which are not capable of protecting themselves. So, nanoparticles are an adjunct mechanism to improve drug potency by reducing overall antibiotic exposure. These nanostructures can overcome cell barriers and deliver antibiotics to the cytoplasm to inhibit bacteria. This work aims to give a general vision between the antibiotics, the nanoparticles used as carriers, bacteria resistance, and the possible mechanisms that occur between them.
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spelling pubmed-86578682021-12-10 Antimicrobial Resistance and Inorganic Nanoparticles Balderrama-González, Andrea-Sarahí Piñón-Castillo, Hilda-Amelia Ramírez-Valdespino, Claudia-Adriana Landeros-Martínez, Linda-Lucila Orrantia-Borunda, Erasmo Esparza-Ponce, Hilda-Esperanza Int J Mol Sci Review Antibiotics are being less effective, which leads to high mortality in patients with infections and a high cost for the recovery of health, and the projections that are had for the future are not very encouraging which has led to consider antimicrobial resistance as a global health problem and to be the object of study by researchers. Although resistance to antibiotics occurs naturally, its appearance and spread have been increasing rapidly due to the inappropriate use of antibiotics in recent decades. A bacterium becomes resistant due to the transfer of genes encoding antibiotic resistance. Bacteria constantly mutate; therefore, their defense mechanisms mutate, as well. Nanotechnology plays a key role in antimicrobial resistance due to materials modified at the nanometer scale, allowing large numbers of molecules to assemble to have a dynamic interface. These nanomaterials act as carriers, and their design is mainly focused on introducing the temporal and spatial release of the payload of antibiotics. In addition, they generate new antimicrobial modalities for the bacteria, which are not capable of protecting themselves. So, nanoparticles are an adjunct mechanism to improve drug potency by reducing overall antibiotic exposure. These nanostructures can overcome cell barriers and deliver antibiotics to the cytoplasm to inhibit bacteria. This work aims to give a general vision between the antibiotics, the nanoparticles used as carriers, bacteria resistance, and the possible mechanisms that occur between them. MDPI 2021-11-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8657868/ /pubmed/34884695 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312890 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Balderrama-González, Andrea-Sarahí
Piñón-Castillo, Hilda-Amelia
Ramírez-Valdespino, Claudia-Adriana
Landeros-Martínez, Linda-Lucila
Orrantia-Borunda, Erasmo
Esparza-Ponce, Hilda-Esperanza
Antimicrobial Resistance and Inorganic Nanoparticles
title Antimicrobial Resistance and Inorganic Nanoparticles
title_full Antimicrobial Resistance and Inorganic Nanoparticles
title_fullStr Antimicrobial Resistance and Inorganic Nanoparticles
title_full_unstemmed Antimicrobial Resistance and Inorganic Nanoparticles
title_short Antimicrobial Resistance and Inorganic Nanoparticles
title_sort antimicrobial resistance and inorganic nanoparticles
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8657868/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34884695
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312890
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