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Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo
Lignin biosynthesis enzymes form complexes for metabolic channelling during lignification and these enzymes also play an essential role in biotic and abiotic stress response. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a vital enzyme that catalyses the reduction of aldehydes to alcohols, which is the fi...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8657895/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34884720 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312917 |
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author | Vasupalli, Naresh Hou, Dan Singh, Rahul Mohan Wei, Hantian Zou, Long-Hai Yrjälä, Kim Wu, Aimin Lin, Xinchun |
author_facet | Vasupalli, Naresh Hou, Dan Singh, Rahul Mohan Wei, Hantian Zou, Long-Hai Yrjälä, Kim Wu, Aimin Lin, Xinchun |
author_sort | Vasupalli, Naresh |
collection | PubMed |
description | Lignin biosynthesis enzymes form complexes for metabolic channelling during lignification and these enzymes also play an essential role in biotic and abiotic stress response. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a vital enzyme that catalyses the reduction of aldehydes to alcohols, which is the final step in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. In the present study, we identified 49 CAD enzymes in five Bambusoideae species and analysed their phylogenetic relationships and conserved domains. Expression analysis of Moso bamboo PheCAD genes in several developmental tissues and stages revealed that among the PheCAD genes, PheCAD2 has the highest expression level and is expressed in many tissues and PheCAD1, PheCAD6, PheCAD8 and PheCAD12 were also expressed in most of the tissues studied. Co-expression analysis identified that the PheCAD2 positively correlates with most lignin biosynthesis enzymes, indicating that PheCAD2 might be the key enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis. Further, more than 35% of the co-expressed genes with PheCADs were involved in biotic or abiotic stress responses. Abiotic stress transcriptomic data (SA, ABA, drought, and salt) analysis identified that PheCAD2, PheCAD3 and PheCAD5 genes were highly upregulated, confirming their involvement in abiotic stress response. Through yeast two-hybrid analysis, we found that PheCAD1, PheCAD2 and PheCAD8 form homo-dimers. Interestingly, BiFC and pull-down experiments identified that these enzymes form both homo- and hetero- dimers. These data suggest that PheCAD genes are involved in abiotic stress response and PheCAD2 might be a key lignin biosynthesis pathway enzyme. Moreover, this is the first report to show that three PheCAD enzymes form complexes and that the formation of PheCAD homo- and hetero- dimers might be tissue specific. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8657895 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86578952021-12-10 Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo Vasupalli, Naresh Hou, Dan Singh, Rahul Mohan Wei, Hantian Zou, Long-Hai Yrjälä, Kim Wu, Aimin Lin, Xinchun Int J Mol Sci Article Lignin biosynthesis enzymes form complexes for metabolic channelling during lignification and these enzymes also play an essential role in biotic and abiotic stress response. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a vital enzyme that catalyses the reduction of aldehydes to alcohols, which is the final step in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. In the present study, we identified 49 CAD enzymes in five Bambusoideae species and analysed their phylogenetic relationships and conserved domains. Expression analysis of Moso bamboo PheCAD genes in several developmental tissues and stages revealed that among the PheCAD genes, PheCAD2 has the highest expression level and is expressed in many tissues and PheCAD1, PheCAD6, PheCAD8 and PheCAD12 were also expressed in most of the tissues studied. Co-expression analysis identified that the PheCAD2 positively correlates with most lignin biosynthesis enzymes, indicating that PheCAD2 might be the key enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis. Further, more than 35% of the co-expressed genes with PheCADs were involved in biotic or abiotic stress responses. Abiotic stress transcriptomic data (SA, ABA, drought, and salt) analysis identified that PheCAD2, PheCAD3 and PheCAD5 genes were highly upregulated, confirming their involvement in abiotic stress response. Through yeast two-hybrid analysis, we found that PheCAD1, PheCAD2 and PheCAD8 form homo-dimers. Interestingly, BiFC and pull-down experiments identified that these enzymes form both homo- and hetero- dimers. These data suggest that PheCAD genes are involved in abiotic stress response and PheCAD2 might be a key lignin biosynthesis pathway enzyme. Moreover, this is the first report to show that three PheCAD enzymes form complexes and that the formation of PheCAD homo- and hetero- dimers might be tissue specific. MDPI 2021-11-29 /pmc/articles/PMC8657895/ /pubmed/34884720 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312917 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Vasupalli, Naresh Hou, Dan Singh, Rahul Mohan Wei, Hantian Zou, Long-Hai Yrjälä, Kim Wu, Aimin Lin, Xinchun Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo |
title | Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo |
title_full | Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo |
title_fullStr | Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo |
title_full_unstemmed | Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo |
title_short | Homo- and Hetero-Dimers of CAD Enzymes Regulate Lignification and Abiotic Stress Response in Moso Bamboo |
title_sort | homo- and hetero-dimers of cad enzymes regulate lignification and abiotic stress response in moso bamboo |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8657895/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34884720 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312917 |
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