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Untangling the roles of RNA helicases in antiviral innate immunity

One of the first layers of protection that metazoans put in place to defend themselves against viruses rely on the use of proteins containing DExD/H-box helicase domains. These members of the duplex RNA–activated ATPase (DRA) family act as sensors of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, a universa...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Baldaccini, Morgane, Pfeffer, Sébastien
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659333/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34882751
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010072
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author Baldaccini, Morgane
Pfeffer, Sébastien
author_facet Baldaccini, Morgane
Pfeffer, Sébastien
author_sort Baldaccini, Morgane
collection PubMed
description One of the first layers of protection that metazoans put in place to defend themselves against viruses rely on the use of proteins containing DExD/H-box helicase domains. These members of the duplex RNA–activated ATPase (DRA) family act as sensors of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, a universal marker of viral infections. DRAs can be classified into 2 subgroups based on their mode of action: They can either act directly on the dsRNA, or they can trigger a signaling cascade. In the first group, the type III ribonuclease Dicer plays a key role to activate the antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) pathway by cleaving the viral dsRNA into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). This represents the main innate antiviral immune mechanism in arthropods and nematodes. Even though Dicer is present and functional in mammals, the second group of DRAs, containing the RIG-I-like RNA helicases, appears to have functionally replaced RNAi and activate type I interferon (IFN) response upon dsRNA sensing. However, recent findings tend to blur the frontier between these 2 mechanisms, thereby highlighting the crucial and diverse roles played by RNA helicases in antiviral innate immunity. Here, we will review our current knowledge of the importance of these key proteins in viral infection, with a special focus on the interplay between the 2 main types of response that are activated by dsRNA.
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spelling pubmed-86593332021-12-10 Untangling the roles of RNA helicases in antiviral innate immunity Baldaccini, Morgane Pfeffer, Sébastien PLoS Pathog Review One of the first layers of protection that metazoans put in place to defend themselves against viruses rely on the use of proteins containing DExD/H-box helicase domains. These members of the duplex RNA–activated ATPase (DRA) family act as sensors of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules, a universal marker of viral infections. DRAs can be classified into 2 subgroups based on their mode of action: They can either act directly on the dsRNA, or they can trigger a signaling cascade. In the first group, the type III ribonuclease Dicer plays a key role to activate the antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) pathway by cleaving the viral dsRNA into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). This represents the main innate antiviral immune mechanism in arthropods and nematodes. Even though Dicer is present and functional in mammals, the second group of DRAs, containing the RIG-I-like RNA helicases, appears to have functionally replaced RNAi and activate type I interferon (IFN) response upon dsRNA sensing. However, recent findings tend to blur the frontier between these 2 mechanisms, thereby highlighting the crucial and diverse roles played by RNA helicases in antiviral innate immunity. Here, we will review our current knowledge of the importance of these key proteins in viral infection, with a special focus on the interplay between the 2 main types of response that are activated by dsRNA. Public Library of Science 2021-12-09 /pmc/articles/PMC8659333/ /pubmed/34882751 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010072 Text en © 2021 Baldaccini, Pfeffer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Review
Baldaccini, Morgane
Pfeffer, Sébastien
Untangling the roles of RNA helicases in antiviral innate immunity
title Untangling the roles of RNA helicases in antiviral innate immunity
title_full Untangling the roles of RNA helicases in antiviral innate immunity
title_fullStr Untangling the roles of RNA helicases in antiviral innate immunity
title_full_unstemmed Untangling the roles of RNA helicases in antiviral innate immunity
title_short Untangling the roles of RNA helicases in antiviral innate immunity
title_sort untangling the roles of rna helicases in antiviral innate immunity
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8659333/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34882751
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010072
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