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Dynamic Diversity of Glial Response Among Species in Spinal Cord Injury
The glial scar that forms after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is mostly composed of microglia, NG2 glia, and astrocytes and plays dual roles in pathophysiological processes induced by the injury. On one hand, the glial scar acts as a chemical and physical obstacle to spontaneous axonal regenera...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8662749/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34899275 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.769548 |
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author | Perez, Jean-Christophe Gerber, Yannick N. Perrin, Florence E. |
author_facet | Perez, Jean-Christophe Gerber, Yannick N. Perrin, Florence E. |
author_sort | Perez, Jean-Christophe |
collection | PubMed |
description | The glial scar that forms after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is mostly composed of microglia, NG2 glia, and astrocytes and plays dual roles in pathophysiological processes induced by the injury. On one hand, the glial scar acts as a chemical and physical obstacle to spontaneous axonal regeneration, thus preventing functional recovery, and, on the other hand, it partly limits lesion extension. The complex activation pattern of glial cells is associated with cellular and molecular crosstalk and interactions with immune cells. Interestingly, response to SCI is diverse among species: from amphibians and fishes that display rather limited (if any) glial scarring to mammals that exhibit a well-identifiable scar. Additionally, kinetics of glial activation varies among species. In rodents, microglia become activated before astrocytes, and both glial cell populations undergo activation processes reflected amongst others by proliferation and migration toward the injury site. In primates, glial cell activation is delayed as compared to rodents. Here, we compare the spatial and temporal diversity of the glial response, following SCI amongst species. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying glial activation and scar formation is a prerequisite to develop timely glial cell-specific therapeutic strategies that aim to increase functional recovery. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8662749 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86627492021-12-11 Dynamic Diversity of Glial Response Among Species in Spinal Cord Injury Perez, Jean-Christophe Gerber, Yannick N. Perrin, Florence E. Front Aging Neurosci Neuroscience The glial scar that forms after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is mostly composed of microglia, NG2 glia, and astrocytes and plays dual roles in pathophysiological processes induced by the injury. On one hand, the glial scar acts as a chemical and physical obstacle to spontaneous axonal regeneration, thus preventing functional recovery, and, on the other hand, it partly limits lesion extension. The complex activation pattern of glial cells is associated with cellular and molecular crosstalk and interactions with immune cells. Interestingly, response to SCI is diverse among species: from amphibians and fishes that display rather limited (if any) glial scarring to mammals that exhibit a well-identifiable scar. Additionally, kinetics of glial activation varies among species. In rodents, microglia become activated before astrocytes, and both glial cell populations undergo activation processes reflected amongst others by proliferation and migration toward the injury site. In primates, glial cell activation is delayed as compared to rodents. Here, we compare the spatial and temporal diversity of the glial response, following SCI amongst species. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying glial activation and scar formation is a prerequisite to develop timely glial cell-specific therapeutic strategies that aim to increase functional recovery. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-11-26 /pmc/articles/PMC8662749/ /pubmed/34899275 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.769548 Text en Copyright © 2021 Perez, Gerber and Perrin. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Perez, Jean-Christophe Gerber, Yannick N. Perrin, Florence E. Dynamic Diversity of Glial Response Among Species in Spinal Cord Injury |
title | Dynamic Diversity of Glial Response Among Species in Spinal Cord Injury |
title_full | Dynamic Diversity of Glial Response Among Species in Spinal Cord Injury |
title_fullStr | Dynamic Diversity of Glial Response Among Species in Spinal Cord Injury |
title_full_unstemmed | Dynamic Diversity of Glial Response Among Species in Spinal Cord Injury |
title_short | Dynamic Diversity of Glial Response Among Species in Spinal Cord Injury |
title_sort | dynamic diversity of glial response among species in spinal cord injury |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8662749/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34899275 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.769548 |
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