Association of long-term exposure to PM(2.5) with hypertension prevalence and blood pressure in China: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE: Evidence of the effects of long-term fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) exposure on hypertension and blood pressure is limited for populations exposed to high levels of PM(2.5). We aim to assess associations of long-term exposure to PM(2.5) with hypertension prevalence and blood pressure, and further explore the subpopulation differences and effect modification by participant characteristics in these associations in China. METHODS: We analysed cross-sectional data from 883 827 participants aged 35–75 years in the China Patient-Centred Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events Million Persons Project. Data from the monitoring station were used to estimate the 1-year average concentration of PM(2.5). The associations of PM(2.5) exposure with hypertension prevalence and blood pressure were investigated by generalised linear models, with PM(2.5) included as either linear or spline functions. RESULTS: The 1-year PM(2.5) exposure of the study population ranged from 8.8 to 93.8 µg/m(3) (mean 49.2 µg/m(3)). The adjusted OR of hypertension prevalence related to a 10 μg/m(3) increase in 1-year PM(2.5) exposure was 1.04 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.05). Each 10 μg/m(3) increment in PM(2.5) exposure was associated with increases of 0.19 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.10 to 0.28) and 0.13 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.08 to 0.18) in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. The concentration–response curves for hypertension prevalence and systolic blood pressure showed steeper slopes at higher PM(2.5) levels; while the curve for diastolic blood pressure was U-shaped. The elderly, men, non-current smokers and obese participants were more susceptible to the exposure of PM(2.5). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to PM(2.5) is associated with higher blood pressure and increased risk of hypertension prevalence. The effects of PM(2.5) on hypertension prevalence become more pronounced at higher PM(2.5) levels. These findings emphasise the need to reduce air pollution, especially in areas with severe air pollution.