sRNA23, a novel small RNA, regulates to the pathogenesis of Streptococcus suis serotype 2

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (S. suis 2) is an important ubiquitous zoonotic pathogen. To date, regulatory factors and their implication in S. suis pathogenesis are not fully understood. Small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) have been proven to function as important regulatory factors in bacterial pathogenesis and stress adaptation. Here, we identified a differentially downregulated S. suis 05ZYH33 sRNA after iron starvation by RNA-seq, which we named sRNA23. The presence of sRNA23 was further confirmed by RACE and Northern blot. Expression of sRNA23 was significantly altered under different environmental stresses such as nutritional starvation, osmotic pressure, oxidative stress, and lysozymal exposure. A sRNA23-deleted mutant exhibited relatively shorter streptococcal chains and weakened biofilm-forming ability. The mutation also resulted in decreased adherence of the S. suis 05ZYH33 to human laryngeal epidermoid carcinoma (HEp-2) cells, increased sensitivity to phagocytosis by RAW264.7 macrophages, and significantly reduced hemolytic activity. Furthermore, we observed that a sRNA23-deleted mutant had a low survival rate in pig whole blood and attenuated virulence in a mouse model. Moreover, based on RNA pull-down and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we found that sRNA23 can directly bind to two proteins involved in adhesion and biofilm formation, namely, moonlighting protein FBA (fructose diphosphate aldolase) and rplB (50S ribosomal protein L2), respectively. Collectively, sRNA23 enhances S. suis 2 pathogenicity and the binding between sRNA23 and FBA/rplB might play an essential role in the adherence and biofilm-forming ability of S. suis 2. ABBREVIATION: sRNA: small noncoding RNA; FBA: fructose diphosphate aldolase; rplB: 50S ribosomal protein L2; RACE: rapid amplification of cDNA ends; EMSA: electrophoretic mobility shift assay; THB: Todd-Hewitt broth; FBS: fetal bovine serum; BIP: 2,2ʹ-Bipyridine