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Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan
The increasing interest and demand for skin whitening products globally, particularly in Asia, have necessitated rapid advances in research on skin whitening products used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Herein, we investigated 74 skin whitening prescriptions sold in TCM pharmacies in Taiwan....
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8670535/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34916932 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.736370 |
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author | Ko, Chien-Yu Chao, Jung Chen, Pei-Yu Su, Shan-Yu Maeda, Tomoji Lin, Chin-Yu Chiang, Hung-Che Huang, Shyh-Shyun |
author_facet | Ko, Chien-Yu Chao, Jung Chen, Pei-Yu Su, Shan-Yu Maeda, Tomoji Lin, Chin-Yu Chiang, Hung-Che Huang, Shyh-Shyun |
author_sort | Ko, Chien-Yu |
collection | PubMed |
description | The increasing interest and demand for skin whitening products globally, particularly in Asia, have necessitated rapid advances in research on skin whitening products used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Herein, we investigated 74 skin whitening prescriptions sold in TCM pharmacies in Taiwan. Commonly used medicinal materials were defined as those with a relative frequency of citation (RFC) > 0.2 and their characteristics were evaluated. Correlation analysis of commonly used medicinal materials was carried out to identify the core component of the medicinal materials. Of the purchased 74 skin whitening prescriptions, 36 were oral prescriptions, 37 were external prescriptions, and one prescription could be used as an oral or external prescription. After analysis, 90 traditional Chinese medicinal materials were obtained. The Apiaceae (10%; 13%) and Leguminosae (9%; 11%) were the main sources of oral and external medicinal materials, respectively. Oral skin whitening prescriptions were found to be mostly warm (46%) and sweet (53%), while external skin whitening prescriptions included cold (43%) and bitter (29%) medicinal materials. Additionally, mainly tonifying and replenishing effects of the materials were noted. Pharmacological analysis indicated that these medicinal materials may promote wound healing, treat inflammatory skin diseases, or anti-hyperpigmentation. According to the Spearman correlation analysis on interactions among medicinal materials with an RFC > 0.2 in the oral skin whitening prescriptions, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (white) and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. showed the highest correlation (confidence score = 0.93), followed by Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (red) and Astragalus propinquus Schischkin (confidence score = 0.91). Seven medicinal materials in external skin whitening prescriptions with an RFC > 0.2, were classified as Taiwan qī bái sàn (an herbal preparation), including Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Franch. & Sav., Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns, Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f., Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (white), and Bombyx mori Linnaeus. Skin whitening prescriptions included multiple traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Despite the long history of use, there is a lack of studies concerning skin whitening products, possibly due to the complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine. Further studies are required to assess the efficacy and safety of these traditional Chinese medicinal materials for inclusion in effective, safe, and functional pharmacological products. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8670535 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86705352021-12-15 Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan Ko, Chien-Yu Chao, Jung Chen, Pei-Yu Su, Shan-Yu Maeda, Tomoji Lin, Chin-Yu Chiang, Hung-Che Huang, Shyh-Shyun Front Pharmacol Pharmacology The increasing interest and demand for skin whitening products globally, particularly in Asia, have necessitated rapid advances in research on skin whitening products used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Herein, we investigated 74 skin whitening prescriptions sold in TCM pharmacies in Taiwan. Commonly used medicinal materials were defined as those with a relative frequency of citation (RFC) > 0.2 and their characteristics were evaluated. Correlation analysis of commonly used medicinal materials was carried out to identify the core component of the medicinal materials. Of the purchased 74 skin whitening prescriptions, 36 were oral prescriptions, 37 were external prescriptions, and one prescription could be used as an oral or external prescription. After analysis, 90 traditional Chinese medicinal materials were obtained. The Apiaceae (10%; 13%) and Leguminosae (9%; 11%) were the main sources of oral and external medicinal materials, respectively. Oral skin whitening prescriptions were found to be mostly warm (46%) and sweet (53%), while external skin whitening prescriptions included cold (43%) and bitter (29%) medicinal materials. Additionally, mainly tonifying and replenishing effects of the materials were noted. Pharmacological analysis indicated that these medicinal materials may promote wound healing, treat inflammatory skin diseases, or anti-hyperpigmentation. According to the Spearman correlation analysis on interactions among medicinal materials with an RFC > 0.2 in the oral skin whitening prescriptions, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (white) and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. showed the highest correlation (confidence score = 0.93), followed by Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (red) and Astragalus propinquus Schischkin (confidence score = 0.91). Seven medicinal materials in external skin whitening prescriptions with an RFC > 0.2, were classified as Taiwan qī bái sàn (an herbal preparation), including Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook. f. ex Franch. & Sav., Wolfiporia extensa (Peck) Ginns, Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb. f., Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino, Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (white), and Bombyx mori Linnaeus. Skin whitening prescriptions included multiple traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Despite the long history of use, there is a lack of studies concerning skin whitening products, possibly due to the complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine. Further studies are required to assess the efficacy and safety of these traditional Chinese medicinal materials for inclusion in effective, safe, and functional pharmacological products. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-11-30 /pmc/articles/PMC8670535/ /pubmed/34916932 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.736370 Text en Copyright © 2021 Ko, Chao, Chen, Su, Maeda, Lin, Chiang and Huang. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Pharmacology Ko, Chien-Yu Chao, Jung Chen, Pei-Yu Su, Shan-Yu Maeda, Tomoji Lin, Chin-Yu Chiang, Hung-Che Huang, Shyh-Shyun Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan |
title | Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan |
title_full | Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan |
title_fullStr | Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan |
title_full_unstemmed | Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan |
title_short | Ethnobotanical Survey on Skin Whitening Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Taiwan |
title_sort | ethnobotanical survey on skin whitening prescriptions of traditional chinese medicine in taiwan |
topic | Pharmacology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8670535/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34916932 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.736370 |
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