Embracing the Complexity of Primary Health Care: System-Based Tools and Strategies for Researching the Case Management Process

The provision of health care is frequently a complex process, and favourable clinical outcomes are dependent on the effective management of this complexity. Contemporary medicine and health care practices that are biomedically aligned have been informed by a reductionist paradigm, potentially creating a misalignment between health care and the human organism as a complex adaptive system. Complexity science is increasingly gaining momentum within the academic literature and is being employed across a wide range of scientific disciplines, although this is less evident in medicine. Limited evidence was found within the literature of a complexity science framework being used to explore and inform individual health care practices; in this paper, this gap will be explored through consideration of the use of strategies and tools (specifically mind maps, computer-generated network mappings, exploratory data analysis, and computer-derived network analysis) which are congruent with a complexity science framework. This information may be useful to researchers investigating health care provision and to clinicians wishing to incorporate a complexity sensibility within their practice.