Exosomes from β-Cells Promote Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Cells Through microRNA-Dependent Mechanisms

OBJECTIVE: Exosomes have emerged as potential tools for the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into insulin-producing cells (IPCs). Exosomal microRNAs are receiving increasing attention in this process. Here, we aimed at investigating the role of exosomes derived from a murine pancreatic β-cell line and identifying signature exosomal miRNAs on iPSCs differentiation. METHODS: Exosomes were isolated from MIN6 cells and identified with TEM, NTA and Western blot. PKH67 tracer and transwell assay were used to confirm exosome delivery into iPSCs. qRT-PCR was applied to detect key pancreatic transcription gene expression and exosome-derived miRNA expression. Insulin secretion was determined using FCM and immunofluorescence. The specific exosomal miRNAs were determined via RNA-interference of Ago2. The therapeutic effect of 21 day-exosome-induced IPCs was validated in T1D mice induced by STZ. RESULTS: iPSCs cultured in medium containing exosomes showed sustained higher expression of MAFA, Insulin1, Insulin2, Isl1, Neuroud1, Nkx6.1 and NGN3 compared to control iPSCs. In FCM analysis, approximately 52.7% of the differentiated cells displayed insulin expression at the middle stage. Consistent with the gene expression data, immunofluorescence assays showed that Nkx6.1 and insulin expression in iPSCs were significantly upregulated. Intriguingly, the expression of pancreatic markers and insulin was significantly decreased in iPSCs cultured with siAgo2 exosomes. Transplantation of 21 day-induced IPCs intoT1D mice efficiently enhanced glucose tolerance and partially controlled hyperglycemia. The therapeutic effect was significantly attenuated in T1D mice that received iPSCs cultured with siAgo2 exosomes. Of the seven exosomal microRNAs selected for validation, miR-706, miR-709, miR-466c-5p, and miR-423-5p showed dynamic expression during 21 days in culture. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that differentiation of exosome-induced iPSCs into functional cells is crucially dependent on the specific miRNAs encased within exosomes, whose functional analysis is likely to provide insight into novel regulatory mechanisms governing iPSCs differentiation into IPCs.