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Assessment and validation of three spot urine assay methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese Tibetan adults living in the mountains
Twenty‐four‐hour urine collection is the gold standard method for the evaluation of salt intake, but it is often impractical in large‐scale investigations, especially in resource‐poor areas. Methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion (USE) using a spot urine sample have been esta...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678802/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34196446 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jch.14312 |
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author | Zhang, Xin Liao, Hang Ye, Runyu Li, Xinran Gou, Qiling Zhang, Zhipeng Shi, Rufeng Meng, Qingtao Zhuoma, Zewong Zhang, Hengyu Chen, Xiaoping |
author_facet | Zhang, Xin Liao, Hang Ye, Runyu Li, Xinran Gou, Qiling Zhang, Zhipeng Shi, Rufeng Meng, Qingtao Zhuoma, Zewong Zhang, Hengyu Chen, Xiaoping |
author_sort | Zhang, Xin |
collection | PubMed |
description | Twenty‐four‐hour urine collection is the gold standard method for the evaluation of salt intake, but it is often impractical in large‐scale investigations, especially in resource‐poor areas. Methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion (USE) using a spot urine sample have been established, but have not been validated in Chinese Tibetans. Therefore, the authors aimed to evaluate the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and the International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) formulas for the prediction of 24‐hour USE in Chinese Tibetan adults. The authors analyzed the bias, correlation, agreements between estimated values and measured values, and the relative and absolute differences and misclassification at the individual level for the three methods in 323 Tibetan participants from the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, China. The mean biases between the measured values and the estimated 24‐hour USE using the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and INTERSALT methods were 5.4 mmol/day (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8–10.1 mmol/day), −40.8 mmol/day (95% CI: −44.6 to −36.9 mmol/day), and −57.1 mmol/day (95% CI: −61.9 to −52.4 mmol/day), respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the relationships between the measured values and the estimated 24‐hour USE were 0.43 (Kawasaki), 0.38 (Tanaka), and 0.27 (INTERSALT), respectively (all p < .01). The intraclass correlation coefficients showed similar patterns to the correlation data: 0.47 for Kawasaki, 0.40 for Tanaka, and 0.27 for INTERSALT (all p < .01). The upper and lower limits of agreement between the measured values and the estimated 24‐hour USE were −92.6 and 81.8 mmol/day for the Kawasaki method, −28.5 and 110.0 mmol/day for the Tanaka method, and −28.4 and 142.7 mmol/day for the INTERSALT method. Compared with the other two methods, the percentage of individuals that were misclassified by using the Kawasaki method was 48.2%, while those for the Tanaka and INTERSAL methods was 72.1% and 75.5%, respectively. However, when an individual's salt intake was higher than 12.8 g/day, the misclassification rates of the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and INTERSALT methods were 20%, 90%, and 97.5%, respectively. Thus, the authors found that the Kawasaki equation may have performed better than the other equations at Chinese Tibetan population level assessment, but none of these equations are suitable for use or perform well at the individual level. A more accurate method of using a spot urine sample to evaluate individual 24‐hour USE for Tibetans is needed. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8678802 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86788022021-12-23 Assessment and validation of three spot urine assay methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese Tibetan adults living in the mountains Zhang, Xin Liao, Hang Ye, Runyu Li, Xinran Gou, Qiling Zhang, Zhipeng Shi, Rufeng Meng, Qingtao Zhuoma, Zewong Zhang, Hengyu Chen, Xiaoping J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) Sodium Twenty‐four‐hour urine collection is the gold standard method for the evaluation of salt intake, but it is often impractical in large‐scale investigations, especially in resource‐poor areas. Methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion (USE) using a spot urine sample have been established, but have not been validated in Chinese Tibetans. Therefore, the authors aimed to evaluate the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and the International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) formulas for the prediction of 24‐hour USE in Chinese Tibetan adults. The authors analyzed the bias, correlation, agreements between estimated values and measured values, and the relative and absolute differences and misclassification at the individual level for the three methods in 323 Tibetan participants from the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province, China. The mean biases between the measured values and the estimated 24‐hour USE using the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and INTERSALT methods were 5.4 mmol/day (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8–10.1 mmol/day), −40.8 mmol/day (95% CI: −44.6 to −36.9 mmol/day), and −57.1 mmol/day (95% CI: −61.9 to −52.4 mmol/day), respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the relationships between the measured values and the estimated 24‐hour USE were 0.43 (Kawasaki), 0.38 (Tanaka), and 0.27 (INTERSALT), respectively (all p < .01). The intraclass correlation coefficients showed similar patterns to the correlation data: 0.47 for Kawasaki, 0.40 for Tanaka, and 0.27 for INTERSALT (all p < .01). The upper and lower limits of agreement between the measured values and the estimated 24‐hour USE were −92.6 and 81.8 mmol/day for the Kawasaki method, −28.5 and 110.0 mmol/day for the Tanaka method, and −28.4 and 142.7 mmol/day for the INTERSALT method. Compared with the other two methods, the percentage of individuals that were misclassified by using the Kawasaki method was 48.2%, while those for the Tanaka and INTERSAL methods was 72.1% and 75.5%, respectively. However, when an individual's salt intake was higher than 12.8 g/day, the misclassification rates of the Kawasaki, Tanaka, and INTERSALT methods were 20%, 90%, and 97.5%, respectively. Thus, the authors found that the Kawasaki equation may have performed better than the other equations at Chinese Tibetan population level assessment, but none of these equations are suitable for use or perform well at the individual level. A more accurate method of using a spot urine sample to evaluate individual 24‐hour USE for Tibetans is needed. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2021-07-01 /pmc/articles/PMC8678802/ /pubmed/34196446 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jch.14312 Text en © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension published by Wiley Periodicals LLC https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Sodium Zhang, Xin Liao, Hang Ye, Runyu Li, Xinran Gou, Qiling Zhang, Zhipeng Shi, Rufeng Meng, Qingtao Zhuoma, Zewong Zhang, Hengyu Chen, Xiaoping Assessment and validation of three spot urine assay methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese Tibetan adults living in the mountains |
title | Assessment and validation of three spot urine assay methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese Tibetan adults living in the mountains |
title_full | Assessment and validation of three spot urine assay methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese Tibetan adults living in the mountains |
title_fullStr | Assessment and validation of three spot urine assay methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese Tibetan adults living in the mountains |
title_full_unstemmed | Assessment and validation of three spot urine assay methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese Tibetan adults living in the mountains |
title_short | Assessment and validation of three spot urine assay methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese Tibetan adults living in the mountains |
title_sort | assessment and validation of three spot urine assay methods for the estimation of 24‐hour urinary sodium excretion in chinese tibetan adults living in the mountains |
topic | Sodium |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8678802/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34196446 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jch.14312 |
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