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Characterizing children’s eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter?
BACKGROUND: Recommendations to define eating occasions (EO) currently exist for research in adults, but not for children or adolescents. We examined how varying EO definitions affect the characterization of eating patterns in children and adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional dietary data collected...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8684678/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34923993 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01231-7 |
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author | Leech, Rebecca M. Spence, Alison C. Lacy, Kathleen E. Zheng, Miaobing Timperio, Anna McNaughton, Sarah A. |
author_facet | Leech, Rebecca M. Spence, Alison C. Lacy, Kathleen E. Zheng, Miaobing Timperio, Anna McNaughton, Sarah A. |
author_sort | Leech, Rebecca M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Recommendations to define eating occasions (EO) currently exist for research in adults, but not for children or adolescents. We examined how varying EO definitions affect the characterization of eating patterns in children and adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional dietary data collected using a 24-h recall data during the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (1364 boys and 1337 girls aged 2–18 years) were analyzed. Eight definitions were applied: participant-identified, time-of-day, and 6 neutral definitions (EO separated by 15- or 60-min and/or an additional energy criterion of 21 or 210 kJ). Frequency of and total energy intake from meals, snacks, and all EO were estimated. F tests stratified by gender and age-group, were used to assess differences between definitions. Agreement between definitions of meal and snack frequencies was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Linear regression was used to estimate the proportion of variance in total energy intake (kJ) and BMI z-score predicted by each definition. RESULTS: Mean frequencies of meals and snacks differed between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, in boys and girls and for all age groups (P < 0.01). Across the six neutral definitions, there were differences between mean frequencies of EO with the largest mean difference observed for children aged 2–3 y (boys: 2.3, girls: 2.5; P < 0.003). Between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, there was good agreement for frequencies of snacks (ICC for both genders: 0.93) but not meals (boys: 0.36; girls: 0.38). The 15-min time interval plus 210 kJ definition of an EO consistently predicted the most variance in total energy intake (R(2) range = 8.1–34.8). Definitions that delineated meals and snacks better predicted variance in BMI z-score, when compared to the neutral definitions. CONCLUSIONS: How eating patterns are characterized vary depending on the EO definitions employed, particularly in young children. Variance in total energy intake was best predicted by a variation of the neutral definition whereas definitions that delineated meals and snacks performed better in relation to predicting BMI variance. Further international research that compares EO definitions in children will help inform a standard approach. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01231-7. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8684678 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86846782021-12-20 Characterizing children’s eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter? Leech, Rebecca M. Spence, Alison C. Lacy, Kathleen E. Zheng, Miaobing Timperio, Anna McNaughton, Sarah A. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act Research BACKGROUND: Recommendations to define eating occasions (EO) currently exist for research in adults, but not for children or adolescents. We examined how varying EO definitions affect the characterization of eating patterns in children and adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional dietary data collected using a 24-h recall data during the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (1364 boys and 1337 girls aged 2–18 years) were analyzed. Eight definitions were applied: participant-identified, time-of-day, and 6 neutral definitions (EO separated by 15- or 60-min and/or an additional energy criterion of 21 or 210 kJ). Frequency of and total energy intake from meals, snacks, and all EO were estimated. F tests stratified by gender and age-group, were used to assess differences between definitions. Agreement between definitions of meal and snack frequencies was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Linear regression was used to estimate the proportion of variance in total energy intake (kJ) and BMI z-score predicted by each definition. RESULTS: Mean frequencies of meals and snacks differed between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, in boys and girls and for all age groups (P < 0.01). Across the six neutral definitions, there were differences between mean frequencies of EO with the largest mean difference observed for children aged 2–3 y (boys: 2.3, girls: 2.5; P < 0.003). Between the participant-identified and time-of-day definitions, there was good agreement for frequencies of snacks (ICC for both genders: 0.93) but not meals (boys: 0.36; girls: 0.38). The 15-min time interval plus 210 kJ definition of an EO consistently predicted the most variance in total energy intake (R(2) range = 8.1–34.8). Definitions that delineated meals and snacks better predicted variance in BMI z-score, when compared to the neutral definitions. CONCLUSIONS: How eating patterns are characterized vary depending on the EO definitions employed, particularly in young children. Variance in total energy intake was best predicted by a variation of the neutral definition whereas definitions that delineated meals and snacks performed better in relation to predicting BMI variance. Further international research that compares EO definitions in children will help inform a standard approach. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-021-01231-7. BioMed Central 2021-12-19 /pmc/articles/PMC8684678/ /pubmed/34923993 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01231-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Leech, Rebecca M. Spence, Alison C. Lacy, Kathleen E. Zheng, Miaobing Timperio, Anna McNaughton, Sarah A. Characterizing children’s eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter? |
title | Characterizing children’s eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter? |
title_full | Characterizing children’s eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter? |
title_fullStr | Characterizing children’s eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter? |
title_full_unstemmed | Characterizing children’s eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter? |
title_short | Characterizing children’s eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter? |
title_sort | characterizing children’s eating patterns: does the choice of eating occasion definition matter? |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8684678/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34923993 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01231-7 |
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