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Dental fluorosis among people and livestock living on Gihaya Island in Lake Kivu, Rwanda
BACKGROUND: Dental fluorosis is caused by prolonged exposure to excessive fluoride during the period of permanent tooth formation and is characterized by tooth discoloration, pitting, and loss of shape. Communities living near Lake Kivu in Western Rwanda exhibit a high prevalence of dental fluorosis...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686390/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34924029 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42522-021-00054-7 |
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author | Habiyakare, Theodore Schurer, Janna M. Poole, Barika Murcott, Susan Migabo, Basile Mardochee, Birori Amuguni, J. Hellen Morgan, John P. |
author_facet | Habiyakare, Theodore Schurer, Janna M. Poole, Barika Murcott, Susan Migabo, Basile Mardochee, Birori Amuguni, J. Hellen Morgan, John P. |
author_sort | Habiyakare, Theodore |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Dental fluorosis is caused by prolonged exposure to excessive fluoride during the period of permanent tooth formation and is characterized by tooth discoloration, pitting, and loss of shape. Communities living near Lake Kivu in Western Rwanda exhibit a high prevalence of dental fluorosis; however, data on prevalence and risk factors are scarce. METHODS: This cross sectional, quantitative study used a One Health approach to investigate dental fluorosis prevalence among people and livestock and to measure fluoride content in the environment. In 2018, oral health examinations were conducted to assess the prevalence of fluorosis in children (aged 9 to 15 years), cattle and goats residing on Gihaya Island (Rwanda, East Africa). All children and cattle/goats meeting basic eligibility criteria (e.g., island residence) were invited to participate. Presence and severity of dental fluorosis was categorized according to the Dean’s Fluorosis Index. Samples of local foods, water, soil and grass were collected from communal sources and individual households and analyzed for fluoride content using standard laboratory techniques. Descriptive and binomial analyses (Fisher Exact Test) were used to assess this dataset. RESULTS: Overall, 186 children and 85 livestock owners (providing data of 125 livestock -23 cattle and 102 goats) participated. Dental fluorosis was recorded in 90.7% of children and 76% of livestock. Moderate to severe fluorosis was observed in 77% children while goats and cattle most often exhibited mild or absent/questionable severity, respectively. Water from Lake Kivu (used primarily for human cooking water and livestock drinking water) contained fluoride levels that were consistently higher than the maximum threshold (1.5 mg/L) recommended by the World Health Organization. Other sources (borehole and rainwater) were within safe limits. All food, soil and grass samples contained fluoride. The highest levels were observed in porridge (0.5 mg/g) and small fishes (1.05 mg/g). CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, dental fluorosis was highly prevalent among children and goats on Gihaya Island with various food and water sources contributing a cumulative exposure to fluoride. An immediate and coordinated response across human, animal and water professionals is needed to reduce fluoride exposure within safe limits for island residents. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42522-021-00054-7. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8686390 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86863902021-12-21 Dental fluorosis among people and livestock living on Gihaya Island in Lake Kivu, Rwanda Habiyakare, Theodore Schurer, Janna M. Poole, Barika Murcott, Susan Migabo, Basile Mardochee, Birori Amuguni, J. Hellen Morgan, John P. One Health Outlook Research BACKGROUND: Dental fluorosis is caused by prolonged exposure to excessive fluoride during the period of permanent tooth formation and is characterized by tooth discoloration, pitting, and loss of shape. Communities living near Lake Kivu in Western Rwanda exhibit a high prevalence of dental fluorosis; however, data on prevalence and risk factors are scarce. METHODS: This cross sectional, quantitative study used a One Health approach to investigate dental fluorosis prevalence among people and livestock and to measure fluoride content in the environment. In 2018, oral health examinations were conducted to assess the prevalence of fluorosis in children (aged 9 to 15 years), cattle and goats residing on Gihaya Island (Rwanda, East Africa). All children and cattle/goats meeting basic eligibility criteria (e.g., island residence) were invited to participate. Presence and severity of dental fluorosis was categorized according to the Dean’s Fluorosis Index. Samples of local foods, water, soil and grass were collected from communal sources and individual households and analyzed for fluoride content using standard laboratory techniques. Descriptive and binomial analyses (Fisher Exact Test) were used to assess this dataset. RESULTS: Overall, 186 children and 85 livestock owners (providing data of 125 livestock -23 cattle and 102 goats) participated. Dental fluorosis was recorded in 90.7% of children and 76% of livestock. Moderate to severe fluorosis was observed in 77% children while goats and cattle most often exhibited mild or absent/questionable severity, respectively. Water from Lake Kivu (used primarily for human cooking water and livestock drinking water) contained fluoride levels that were consistently higher than the maximum threshold (1.5 mg/L) recommended by the World Health Organization. Other sources (borehole and rainwater) were within safe limits. All food, soil and grass samples contained fluoride. The highest levels were observed in porridge (0.5 mg/g) and small fishes (1.05 mg/g). CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, dental fluorosis was highly prevalent among children and goats on Gihaya Island with various food and water sources contributing a cumulative exposure to fluoride. An immediate and coordinated response across human, animal and water professionals is needed to reduce fluoride exposure within safe limits for island residents. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42522-021-00054-7. BioMed Central 2021-12-20 /pmc/articles/PMC8686390/ /pubmed/34924029 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42522-021-00054-7 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Research Habiyakare, Theodore Schurer, Janna M. Poole, Barika Murcott, Susan Migabo, Basile Mardochee, Birori Amuguni, J. Hellen Morgan, John P. Dental fluorosis among people and livestock living on Gihaya Island in Lake Kivu, Rwanda |
title | Dental fluorosis among people and livestock living on Gihaya Island in Lake Kivu, Rwanda |
title_full | Dental fluorosis among people and livestock living on Gihaya Island in Lake Kivu, Rwanda |
title_fullStr | Dental fluorosis among people and livestock living on Gihaya Island in Lake Kivu, Rwanda |
title_full_unstemmed | Dental fluorosis among people and livestock living on Gihaya Island in Lake Kivu, Rwanda |
title_short | Dental fluorosis among people and livestock living on Gihaya Island in Lake Kivu, Rwanda |
title_sort | dental fluorosis among people and livestock living on gihaya island in lake kivu, rwanda |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8686390/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34924029 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42522-021-00054-7 |
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