Blood lead concentrations among pediatric patients with abdominal pain: a prospective cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Lead exposure is one of the most menacing of environmental exposures, particularly in children. Children are more susceptible to the effects of lead which manifest in many organ systems, including interference with mental and motor development. Lead poisoning can cause colicky abdominal pain. In this study, the authors sought to evaluate the prevalence of elevated blood lead level (BLL) and its contributing factors among pediatric patients presenting with abdominal pain. An epidemic of lead poisoning in adults was previously uncovered, and thus a concern for pediatric lead poisoning was raised. METHODS: Pediatric patients presenting to two pediatric clinics in Tehran with abdominal pain were eligible for enrollment in a descriptive prospective cross-sectional study. A predesigned questionnaire was filled for each patient by their consenting parents. The questionnaire queried demographic information, environmental, social, and other relevant parameters for lead exposure. After completion of the questionnaire, biometrics were obtained, and a blood sample was taken from each patient for measurement of BLL and complete blood count. RESULTS: A total of 187 patients were enrolled in the study. Of them, almost 20% had BLL ≥ 5 µg/dL. Univariate analysis showed that age (p = 0.002, OR 3.194, CI 95% 1.504–6.783), weight (p = 0.009, OR 2.817, CI 95% 1.266–6.269), height (p = 0.003, OR 3.155, CI 95% 1.443–6.899), and playing with both plastic and cotton toys (p = 0.03, OR 2.796, CI 95% 1.072–7.295) were significant predictors of high BLLs. Maternal level of education correlated with blood lead concentrations (p = 0.048, OR 2.524, CI 95% 1.006–6.331). CONCLUSIONS: A clinically significant number of cases of abdominal pain may have high BLLs. Specific attention should be paid to children presenting with abdominal pain, especially due to the detrimental effects of lead on their mental and motor development.