Dissecting the Landscape of Activated CMV-Stimulated CD4+ T Cells in Humans by Linking Single-Cell RNA-Seq With T-Cell Receptor Sequencing

CD4+ T cells are crucial in cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, but their role in infection remains unclear. The heterogeneity and potential functions of CMVpp65-reactivated CD4+ T cell subsets isolated from human peripheral blood, as well as their potential interactions, were analyzed by single-cell RNA-seq and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing. Tregs comprised the largest population of these reactivated cells, and analysis of Treg gene expression showed transcripts associated with both inflammatory and inhibitory functions. The detailed phenotypes of CMV-reactivated CD4+ cytotoxic T1 (CD4+ CTL1), CD4+ cytotoxic T2 (CD4+ CTL2), and recently activated CD4+ T (Tra) cells were analyzed in single cells. Assessment of the TCR repertoire of CMV-reactivated CD4+ T cells confirmed the clonal expansion of stimulated CD4+ CTL1 and CD4+ CTL2 cells, which share a large number of TCR repertoires. This study provides clues for resolving the functions of CD4+ T cell subsets and their interactions during CMV infection. The specific cell groups defined in this study can provide resources for understanding T cell responses to CMV infection.