Influence of entropy on Brinkman–Forchheimer model of MHD hybrid nanofluid flowing in enclosure containing rotating cylinder and undulating porous stratum

The current article aims to discuss the natural convection heat transfer of Ag/Al(2)O(3)-water hybrid filled in an enclosure subjected to a uniform magnetic field and provided with a rotating cylinder and an inner undulated porous layer. The various thermo-physical parameters are investigated such as Rayleigh number ([Formula: see text] ), Hartmann number ([Formula: see text] ), and the nanoparticles concentration ([Formula: see text] ). Likewise, the rotational speed of the cylinder ([Formula: see text]), as well as several characteristics related to the porous layer, are examined li its porosity ([Formula: see text] ), Darcy number ([Formula: see text]) which indicates the porous medium permeability and the number of undulations ([Formula: see text] ). The calculations are carried out based on the Galerkin Finite element method (GFEM) to present the streamlines, isotherms, entropy generation, and average Nusselt numbers in details. The main results proved that increment of Rayleigh number and Darcy number enhances heat transfer convection within the enclosure. Whilst, the porosity presents a minimal impact. Also, the rotational speed in a positive direction has a favorable influence on the heat transfer dispersion across the cavity.