The enhancement of treatment capacity and the performance of phytoremediation system by fed batch and periodic harvesting

Floating macrophyte phytoremediation could be the most relevant solution to the ever-increasing finfish farm pond effluent worldwide. However, the information of Spirodela polyrhiza monoculture system in fed batch mode, with periodic harvesting and increased macrophyte density is limited. In this study, the effect of fed batch and periodic harvesting on the treatment capacity and performance of the S. polyrhiza monoculture system (with increased the macrophyte density) in fish farm wastewater were evaluated. Results showed that the system with fed batch and harvesting could treat a greater volume of wastewater, remove a higher amount of pollutants in terms of ammonia (NH(3)–N), phosphate (PO(4)(3−)), total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), while meeting the effluent limits. The system with S. polyrhiza macrophyte density of 11.67 g fresh weight (FW) per L wastewater was able to decrease nitrate (NO(3)(−)–N) and nitrite (NO(2)(−)–N) to an undetected level. This study suggested that the S. polyrhiza monoculture system with fed batch, optimal harvesting and frequent sediment removal is feasible and effective in treating the fish farm wastewater, and produces biomass with superior protein content for fish feed supplement and poultry diet. The obtained data provided insights into the system reliability in wastewater treatment and ways of improvement for the system. The treated wastewater could achieve exceptional quality with minimal toxicity before discharge to receiving waters, and potentially be reused for water flow recharge, aquaculture and irrigation purposes, minimizing the pollution and ecological impacts.