Effect of H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O(2) pre-treatment on electrochemical properties of exfoliated graphite prepared by an electro-exfoliation method

The effect of pre-treating graphite sheets in a H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O(2) solution before electro-exfoliation is reported. It was revealed that the volume fraction of H(2)SO(4) to H(2)O(2) during pre-treatment could control the degree of exfoliation of the resulting exfoliated graphite (EG). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses have suggested that EG produced by first pre-treating the graphite sheet in H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O(2) solution with the H(2)SO(4) : H(2)O(2) volume fraction of 95 : 5 demonstrates the highest exfoliation degree. This sample also demonstrated excellent electrochemical properties with good electrical conductivity (36.22 S cm(−1)) and relatively low charge transfer resistance (R(ct)) of 21.35 Ω. This sample also showed the highest specific capacitance of all samples, i.e., 71.95 F g(−1) at 1 mV s(−1) when measured at a voltage range of −0.9 to 0 V. Further measurement at an extended potential window down to −1.4 V revealed the superior specific capacitance value of 150.69 F g(−1). The superior morphology characteristics and the excellent electrical properties of the obtained EG are several reasons behind its exceptional properties. The pre-treatment of graphite sheets in H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O(2) solution allegedly leads to easier and faster exfoliation. The faster exfoliation is allegedly able to prevent massive oxidation, which frequently induces the formation of graphite/graphene oxide (GO) in a prolonged process. However, too large H(2)O(2) volume fraction involved during pre-treatment seems to cause excessive expansion and frail structure of the graphite sheets, which leads to an early breakdown of the structure during electrochemical exfoliation and prohibits layer by layer exfoliation.