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Vaporized vs Combusted Nicotine: A Biomechanical Comparison of Achilles Tendon Healing in a Rat Model
CATEGORY: Basic Sciences/Biologics INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: The negative effects of smoking have been well documented following orthopedic injury. Though nicotine has been shown to be detrimental to musculoskeletal tissue healing, nicotine in the form of “Vaping” is being increasingly used as a perceiv...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
SAGE Publications
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8696699/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419S00242 |
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author | Kennedy, Patrick Saloky, Kaitlin Yadavalli, Aditya Barlow, Erin Aynardi, Michael Garner, Matthew Bible, Jesse Lewis, Gregory Dhawan, Aman |
author_facet | Kennedy, Patrick Saloky, Kaitlin Yadavalli, Aditya Barlow, Erin Aynardi, Michael Garner, Matthew Bible, Jesse Lewis, Gregory Dhawan, Aman |
author_sort | Kennedy, Patrick |
collection | PubMed |
description | CATEGORY: Basic Sciences/Biologics INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: The negative effects of smoking have been well documented following orthopedic injury. Though nicotine has been shown to be detrimental to musculoskeletal tissue healing, nicotine in the form of “Vaping” is being increasingly used as a perceived healthier alternative to actual smoking and may theoretically obviate many of the harmful volatiles and chemicals contained within combusted tobacco that are additionally harmful to musculoskeletal healing. Our objective was to evaluate the biomechanical and histological effects on Achilles tendon repair between rats that inhaled combusted tobacco, versus those with isolated nicotine exposure via vaping, versus a control group. METHODS: 54 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly placed in a control, vaping, or cigarette cohort. Each group contained 17 rats and exposure occurred six days per week. The smoking cohort was exposed to 2 unfiltered University of Kentucky research cigarettes in a previously validated smoking chamber (Figure 1). The vaping group was exposed to e-cigarette vapor with equivalent nicotine exposure over ten minutes at a flow rate of 2.4 L/min. The control group was placed in the smoking chamber with room air flowing through the chamber. All rats received their respective daily exposures for 4 weeks prior to surgery when surgical transection and repair of the Achilles tendon was performed. Following surgery, the rats continued 2 additional weeks of smoking, vaping, or control exposure. After sacrifice, Achilles tendons were harvested and tested with controlled tension to failure. Histology (n = 2 per group) was performed with a standard H&E protocol. RESULTS: Tensile load testing evaluated maximum force to rupture and tissue stiffness amongst the three cohorts. The control group demonstrated highest mean tensile strength of 41.0 N (18.3-55.1 N), with the cigarette cohort having the second highest mean tensile strength at 37.3 N (14.0-54.7 N), and finally the vaping group had the lowest at 32.28 8 N (17.8-45.1 N). One-way ANOVA with heterogeneity of variance was used for evaluation. There was a significant difference detected in load to failure when comparing controls to e-cigarettes (p=0.026). No statistical difference was seen between controls vs cigarettes (p=0.35). Histological analysis demonstrated no difference among groups. CONCLUSION: Our investigation demonstrates that, in a rat model, isolated nicotine exposure via ”vaping” significantly impedes biomechanical healing properties of Achilles tendon surgical repair. Though smoking resulted in a lower maximum force to failure as compared to control in these samples, this difference was not significant. While E-cigarettes are often utilized as a perceived “safer” alternative to smoking combusted tobacco, this study suggests that use of e-cigarettes may be more detrimental to tendon healing than combusted tobacco in a rat Achilles model. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8696699 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | SAGE Publications |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86966992022-01-28 Vaporized vs Combusted Nicotine: A Biomechanical Comparison of Achilles Tendon Healing in a Rat Model Kennedy, Patrick Saloky, Kaitlin Yadavalli, Aditya Barlow, Erin Aynardi, Michael Garner, Matthew Bible, Jesse Lewis, Gregory Dhawan, Aman Foot Ankle Orthop Article CATEGORY: Basic Sciences/Biologics INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: The negative effects of smoking have been well documented following orthopedic injury. Though nicotine has been shown to be detrimental to musculoskeletal tissue healing, nicotine in the form of “Vaping” is being increasingly used as a perceived healthier alternative to actual smoking and may theoretically obviate many of the harmful volatiles and chemicals contained within combusted tobacco that are additionally harmful to musculoskeletal healing. Our objective was to evaluate the biomechanical and histological effects on Achilles tendon repair between rats that inhaled combusted tobacco, versus those with isolated nicotine exposure via vaping, versus a control group. METHODS: 54 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly placed in a control, vaping, or cigarette cohort. Each group contained 17 rats and exposure occurred six days per week. The smoking cohort was exposed to 2 unfiltered University of Kentucky research cigarettes in a previously validated smoking chamber (Figure 1). The vaping group was exposed to e-cigarette vapor with equivalent nicotine exposure over ten minutes at a flow rate of 2.4 L/min. The control group was placed in the smoking chamber with room air flowing through the chamber. All rats received their respective daily exposures for 4 weeks prior to surgery when surgical transection and repair of the Achilles tendon was performed. Following surgery, the rats continued 2 additional weeks of smoking, vaping, or control exposure. After sacrifice, Achilles tendons were harvested and tested with controlled tension to failure. Histology (n = 2 per group) was performed with a standard H&E protocol. RESULTS: Tensile load testing evaluated maximum force to rupture and tissue stiffness amongst the three cohorts. The control group demonstrated highest mean tensile strength of 41.0 N (18.3-55.1 N), with the cigarette cohort having the second highest mean tensile strength at 37.3 N (14.0-54.7 N), and finally the vaping group had the lowest at 32.28 8 N (17.8-45.1 N). One-way ANOVA with heterogeneity of variance was used for evaluation. There was a significant difference detected in load to failure when comparing controls to e-cigarettes (p=0.026). No statistical difference was seen between controls vs cigarettes (p=0.35). Histological analysis demonstrated no difference among groups. CONCLUSION: Our investigation demonstrates that, in a rat model, isolated nicotine exposure via ”vaping” significantly impedes biomechanical healing properties of Achilles tendon surgical repair. Though smoking resulted in a lower maximum force to failure as compared to control in these samples, this difference was not significant. While E-cigarettes are often utilized as a perceived “safer” alternative to smoking combusted tobacco, this study suggests that use of e-cigarettes may be more detrimental to tendon healing than combusted tobacco in a rat Achilles model. SAGE Publications 2019-10-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8696699/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419S00242 Text en © The Author(s) 2019 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) ) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). |
spellingShingle | Article Kennedy, Patrick Saloky, Kaitlin Yadavalli, Aditya Barlow, Erin Aynardi, Michael Garner, Matthew Bible, Jesse Lewis, Gregory Dhawan, Aman Vaporized vs Combusted Nicotine: A Biomechanical Comparison of Achilles Tendon Healing in a Rat Model |
title | Vaporized vs Combusted Nicotine: A Biomechanical Comparison of Achilles Tendon Healing in a Rat Model |
title_full | Vaporized vs Combusted Nicotine: A Biomechanical Comparison of Achilles Tendon Healing in a Rat Model |
title_fullStr | Vaporized vs Combusted Nicotine: A Biomechanical Comparison of Achilles Tendon Healing in a Rat Model |
title_full_unstemmed | Vaporized vs Combusted Nicotine: A Biomechanical Comparison of Achilles Tendon Healing in a Rat Model |
title_short | Vaporized vs Combusted Nicotine: A Biomechanical Comparison of Achilles Tendon Healing in a Rat Model |
title_sort | vaporized vs combusted nicotine: a biomechanical comparison of achilles tendon healing in a rat model |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8696699/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419S00242 |
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