Replication of Integrative Data Analysis for Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, Low-Grade Inflammation, Postprandial Responses and OMICs Signatures in Symptom-Free Adults

SIMPLE SUMMARY: There is an alarming increase of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Mexican nationals and Mexican Americans. Studying adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction and early biomarkers of cardiovascular and immunometabolic risk in Mexican nationals may have a strong impact on future public health policies for US-born Mexican Americans and other populations of Mexican origin in the US. The goal of this study is to evaluate the early transition towards healthy/unhealthy adipose tissue expansion to identify AT dysfunction through systemic, molecular and OMICS measures in the fasting and fed states in symptom-free volunteers with no history of age-related chronic diseases in support of precision medicine and discovery. ABSTRACT: We previously reported preliminary characterization of adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction through the adiponectin/leptin ratio (ALR) and fasting/postprandial (F/P) gene expression in subcutaneous (SQ) adipose tissue (AT) biopsies obtained from participants in the GEMM study, a precision medicine research project. Here we present integrative data replication of previous findings from an increased number of GEMM symptom-free (SF) adults (N = 124) to improve characterization of early biomarkers for cardiovascular (CV)/immunometabolic risk in SF adults with AT dysfunction. We achieved this goal by taking advantage of the rich set of GEMM F/P 5 h time course data and three tissue samples collected at the same time and frequency on each adult participant (F/P blood, biopsies of SQAT and skeletal muscle (SKM)). We classified them with the presence/absence of AT dysfunction: low (<1) or high (>1) ALR. We also examined the presence of metabolically healthy (MH)/unhealthy (MUH) individuals through low-grade chronic subclinical inflammation (high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)), whole body insulin sensitivity (Matsuda Index) and Metabolic Syndrome criteria in people with/without AT dysfunction. Molecular data directly measured from three tissues in a subset of participants allowed fine-scale multi-OMIC profiling of individual postprandial responses (RNA-seq in SKM and SQAT, miRNA from plasma exosomes and shotgun lipidomics in blood). Dynamic postprandial immunometabolic molecular endophenotypes were obtained to move towards a personalized, patient-defined medicine. This study offers an example of integrative translational research, which applies bench-to-bedside research to clinical medicine. Our F/P study design has the potential to characterize CV/immunometabolic early risk detection in support of precision medicine and discovery in SF individuals.