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RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation
Diabetes has become a major health problem in society. Invasive glucometers, although precise, only provide discrete measurements at specific times and are unsuitable for long-term monitoring due to the injuries caused on skin and the prohibitive cost of disposables. Remote, continuous, self-monitor...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8699327/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34940251 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11120494 |
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author | Yunos, Muhammad Farhan Affendi Mohamad Manczak, Rémi Guines, Cyril Mansor, Ahmad Fairuzabadi Mohd Mak, Wing Cheung Khan, Sheroz Ramli, Noor Amalina Pothier, Arnaud Nordin, Anis Nurashikin |
author_facet | Yunos, Muhammad Farhan Affendi Mohamad Manczak, Rémi Guines, Cyril Mansor, Ahmad Fairuzabadi Mohd Mak, Wing Cheung Khan, Sheroz Ramli, Noor Amalina Pothier, Arnaud Nordin, Anis Nurashikin |
author_sort | Yunos, Muhammad Farhan Affendi Mohamad |
collection | PubMed |
description | Diabetes has become a major health problem in society. Invasive glucometers, although precise, only provide discrete measurements at specific times and are unsuitable for long-term monitoring due to the injuries caused on skin and the prohibitive cost of disposables. Remote, continuous, self-monitoring of blood sugar levels allows for active and better management of diabetics. In this work, we present a radio frequency (RF) sensor based on a stepped impedance resonator for remote blood glucose monitoring. When placed on top of a human hand, this RF interdigital sensor allows detection of variation in blood sugar levels by monitoring the changes in the dielectric constant of the material underneath. The designed stepped impedance resonator operates at 3.528 GHz with a Q factor of 1455. A microfluidic device structure that imitates the blood veins in the human hand was fabricated in PDMS to validate that the sensor can measure changes in glucose concentrations. To test the RF sensor, glucose solutions with concentrations ranging from 0 to 240 mg/dL were injected into the fluidic channels and placed underneath the RF sensor. The shifts in the resonance frequencies of the RF sensor were measured using a network analyzer via its S(11) parameters. Based on the change in resonance frequencies, the sensitivity of the biosensor was found to be 264.2 kHz/mg·dL(−1) and its LOD was calculated to be 29.89 mg/dL. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8699327 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86993272021-12-24 RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation Yunos, Muhammad Farhan Affendi Mohamad Manczak, Rémi Guines, Cyril Mansor, Ahmad Fairuzabadi Mohd Mak, Wing Cheung Khan, Sheroz Ramli, Noor Amalina Pothier, Arnaud Nordin, Anis Nurashikin Biosensors (Basel) Article Diabetes has become a major health problem in society. Invasive glucometers, although precise, only provide discrete measurements at specific times and are unsuitable for long-term monitoring due to the injuries caused on skin and the prohibitive cost of disposables. Remote, continuous, self-monitoring of blood sugar levels allows for active and better management of diabetics. In this work, we present a radio frequency (RF) sensor based on a stepped impedance resonator for remote blood glucose monitoring. When placed on top of a human hand, this RF interdigital sensor allows detection of variation in blood sugar levels by monitoring the changes in the dielectric constant of the material underneath. The designed stepped impedance resonator operates at 3.528 GHz with a Q factor of 1455. A microfluidic device structure that imitates the blood veins in the human hand was fabricated in PDMS to validate that the sensor can measure changes in glucose concentrations. To test the RF sensor, glucose solutions with concentrations ranging from 0 to 240 mg/dL were injected into the fluidic channels and placed underneath the RF sensor. The shifts in the resonance frequencies of the RF sensor were measured using a network analyzer via its S(11) parameters. Based on the change in resonance frequencies, the sensitivity of the biosensor was found to be 264.2 kHz/mg·dL(−1) and its LOD was calculated to be 29.89 mg/dL. MDPI 2021-12-03 /pmc/articles/PMC8699327/ /pubmed/34940251 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11120494 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Yunos, Muhammad Farhan Affendi Mohamad Manczak, Rémi Guines, Cyril Mansor, Ahmad Fairuzabadi Mohd Mak, Wing Cheung Khan, Sheroz Ramli, Noor Amalina Pothier, Arnaud Nordin, Anis Nurashikin RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation |
title | RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation |
title_full | RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation |
title_fullStr | RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation |
title_full_unstemmed | RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation |
title_short | RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation |
title_sort | rf remote blood glucose sensor and a microfluidic vascular phantom for sensor validation |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8699327/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34940251 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11120494 |
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