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Social Isolation, Loneliness and Generalized Anxiety: Implications and Associations during the COVID-19 Quarantine
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a predominantly global quarantine response that has been associated with social isolation, loneliness, and anxiety. The foregoing experiences have been amply documented to have profound impacts on health, morbidity, and mortality. This narrative review uses the...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8699379/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34942920 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121620 |
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author | Wilkialis, Linas Rodrigues, Nelson B. Cha, Danielle S. Siegel, Ashley Majeed, Amna Lui, Leanna M. W. Tamura, Jocelyn K. Gill, Barjot Teopiz, Kayla McIntyre, Roger S. |
author_facet | Wilkialis, Linas Rodrigues, Nelson B. Cha, Danielle S. Siegel, Ashley Majeed, Amna Lui, Leanna M. W. Tamura, Jocelyn K. Gill, Barjot Teopiz, Kayla McIntyre, Roger S. |
author_sort | Wilkialis, Linas |
collection | PubMed |
description | The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a predominantly global quarantine response that has been associated with social isolation, loneliness, and anxiety. The foregoing experiences have been amply documented to have profound impacts on health, morbidity, and mortality. This narrative review uses the extant neurobiological and theoretical literature to explore the association between social isolation, loneliness, and anxiety in the context of quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging evidence suggests that distinct health issues (e.g., a sedentary lifestyle, a diminished overall sense of well-being) are associated with social isolation and loneliness. The health implications of social isolation and loneliness during quarantine have a heterogenous and comorbid nature and, as a result, form a link to anxiety. The limbic system plays a role in fear and anxiety response; the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, HPA axis, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, insula, and locus coeruleus have an impact in a prolonged anxious state. In the conclusion, possible solutions are considered and remarks are made on future areas of exploration. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8699379 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-86993792021-12-24 Social Isolation, Loneliness and Generalized Anxiety: Implications and Associations during the COVID-19 Quarantine Wilkialis, Linas Rodrigues, Nelson B. Cha, Danielle S. Siegel, Ashley Majeed, Amna Lui, Leanna M. W. Tamura, Jocelyn K. Gill, Barjot Teopiz, Kayla McIntyre, Roger S. Brain Sci Review The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a predominantly global quarantine response that has been associated with social isolation, loneliness, and anxiety. The foregoing experiences have been amply documented to have profound impacts on health, morbidity, and mortality. This narrative review uses the extant neurobiological and theoretical literature to explore the association between social isolation, loneliness, and anxiety in the context of quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging evidence suggests that distinct health issues (e.g., a sedentary lifestyle, a diminished overall sense of well-being) are associated with social isolation and loneliness. The health implications of social isolation and loneliness during quarantine have a heterogenous and comorbid nature and, as a result, form a link to anxiety. The limbic system plays a role in fear and anxiety response; the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, HPA axis, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, insula, and locus coeruleus have an impact in a prolonged anxious state. In the conclusion, possible solutions are considered and remarks are made on future areas of exploration. MDPI 2021-12-08 /pmc/articles/PMC8699379/ /pubmed/34942920 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121620 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Wilkialis, Linas Rodrigues, Nelson B. Cha, Danielle S. Siegel, Ashley Majeed, Amna Lui, Leanna M. W. Tamura, Jocelyn K. Gill, Barjot Teopiz, Kayla McIntyre, Roger S. Social Isolation, Loneliness and Generalized Anxiety: Implications and Associations during the COVID-19 Quarantine |
title | Social Isolation, Loneliness and Generalized Anxiety: Implications and Associations during the COVID-19 Quarantine |
title_full | Social Isolation, Loneliness and Generalized Anxiety: Implications and Associations during the COVID-19 Quarantine |
title_fullStr | Social Isolation, Loneliness and Generalized Anxiety: Implications and Associations during the COVID-19 Quarantine |
title_full_unstemmed | Social Isolation, Loneliness and Generalized Anxiety: Implications and Associations during the COVID-19 Quarantine |
title_short | Social Isolation, Loneliness and Generalized Anxiety: Implications and Associations during the COVID-19 Quarantine |
title_sort | social isolation, loneliness and generalized anxiety: implications and associations during the covid-19 quarantine |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8699379/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34942920 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121620 |
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