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Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms and Intervening in Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes of Ca(2+) Signaling Mechanisms Using Optogenetic Tools

Calcium ion channels are involved in numerous biological functions such as lymphocyte activation, muscle contraction, neurotransmission, excitation, hormone secretion, gene expression, cell migration, memory, and aging. Therefore, their dysfunction can lead to a wide range of cellular abnormalities...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Maltan, Lena, Najjar, Hadil, Tiffner, Adéla, Derler, Isabella
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8699489/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34943850
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10123340
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author Maltan, Lena
Najjar, Hadil
Tiffner, Adéla
Derler, Isabella
author_facet Maltan, Lena
Najjar, Hadil
Tiffner, Adéla
Derler, Isabella
author_sort Maltan, Lena
collection PubMed
description Calcium ion channels are involved in numerous biological functions such as lymphocyte activation, muscle contraction, neurotransmission, excitation, hormone secretion, gene expression, cell migration, memory, and aging. Therefore, their dysfunction can lead to a wide range of cellular abnormalities and, subsequently, to diseases. To date various conventional techniques have provided valuable insights into the roles of Ca(2+) signaling. However, their limited spatiotemporal resolution and lack of reversibility pose significant obstacles in the detailed understanding of the structure–function relationship of ion channels. These drawbacks could be partially overcome by the use of optogenetics, which allows for the remote and well-defined manipulation of Ca(2+)-signaling. Here, we review the various optogenetic tools that have been used to achieve precise control over different Ca(2+)-permeable ion channels and receptors and associated downstream signaling cascades. We highlight the achievements of optogenetics as well as the still-open questions regarding the resolution of ion channel working mechanisms. In addition, we summarize the successes of optogenetics in manipulating many Ca(2+)-dependent biological processes both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, optogenetics has significantly advanced our understanding of Ca(2+) signaling proteins and the used tools provide an essential basis for potential future therapeutic application.
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spelling pubmed-86994892021-12-24 Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms and Intervening in Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes of Ca(2+) Signaling Mechanisms Using Optogenetic Tools Maltan, Lena Najjar, Hadil Tiffner, Adéla Derler, Isabella Cells Review Calcium ion channels are involved in numerous biological functions such as lymphocyte activation, muscle contraction, neurotransmission, excitation, hormone secretion, gene expression, cell migration, memory, and aging. Therefore, their dysfunction can lead to a wide range of cellular abnormalities and, subsequently, to diseases. To date various conventional techniques have provided valuable insights into the roles of Ca(2+) signaling. However, their limited spatiotemporal resolution and lack of reversibility pose significant obstacles in the detailed understanding of the structure–function relationship of ion channels. These drawbacks could be partially overcome by the use of optogenetics, which allows for the remote and well-defined manipulation of Ca(2+)-signaling. Here, we review the various optogenetic tools that have been used to achieve precise control over different Ca(2+)-permeable ion channels and receptors and associated downstream signaling cascades. We highlight the achievements of optogenetics as well as the still-open questions regarding the resolution of ion channel working mechanisms. In addition, we summarize the successes of optogenetics in manipulating many Ca(2+)-dependent biological processes both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, optogenetics has significantly advanced our understanding of Ca(2+) signaling proteins and the used tools provide an essential basis for potential future therapeutic application. MDPI 2021-11-28 /pmc/articles/PMC8699489/ /pubmed/34943850 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10123340 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Maltan, Lena
Najjar, Hadil
Tiffner, Adéla
Derler, Isabella
Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms and Intervening in Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes of Ca(2+) Signaling Mechanisms Using Optogenetic Tools
title Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms and Intervening in Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes of Ca(2+) Signaling Mechanisms Using Optogenetic Tools
title_full Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms and Intervening in Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes of Ca(2+) Signaling Mechanisms Using Optogenetic Tools
title_fullStr Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms and Intervening in Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes of Ca(2+) Signaling Mechanisms Using Optogenetic Tools
title_full_unstemmed Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms and Intervening in Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes of Ca(2+) Signaling Mechanisms Using Optogenetic Tools
title_short Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms and Intervening in Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes of Ca(2+) Signaling Mechanisms Using Optogenetic Tools
title_sort deciphering molecular mechanisms and intervening in physiological and pathophysiological processes of ca(2+) signaling mechanisms using optogenetic tools
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8699489/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34943850
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10123340
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