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Associations between Sex Hormones and Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Male Patients with Major Depressive Disorder

The interaction between the endocrine system and inflammation is crucial pathogenesis of depression. Our study aimed at exploring the possible relationship between sex hormones and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a common indicator of inflammation in male patients with major depressive di...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Sun, Ting, Peng, Rui, Sun, Xiaojun, Li, Yan
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8699823/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34942914
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121612
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author Sun, Ting
Peng, Rui
Sun, Xiaojun
Li, Yan
author_facet Sun, Ting
Peng, Rui
Sun, Xiaojun
Li, Yan
author_sort Sun, Ting
collection PubMed
description The interaction between the endocrine system and inflammation is crucial pathogenesis of depression. Our study aimed at exploring the possible relationship between sex hormones and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a common indicator of inflammation in male patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: GDF-15 levels of 121 male MDD patients were compared with 105 healthy subjects with the help of a Cobas 8000 automatic chemiluminescence immunoanalyzer. Results: (1) MDD patients showed higher GDF-15 levels, a lower testosterone (T) level and testosterone/estradiol ratio (T/E2 ratio) than healthy subjects (all p < 0.05). (2) Serum T levels and the T/E2 ratio were inversely associated with GDF-15 serum levels (all p < 0.05). (3) HAMD-24 scores were positively correlated with the levels of GDF-15 (p < 0.01), but not with T levels, estradiol (E2) levels, and the T/E2 ratio (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: The high level of GDF-15 was correlated with a low T/E2 ratio and T deficiency in male MDD patients. The above results demonstrate that up-regulation of serum GDF-15 and down-regulation of T and T/E2 ratio may be correlated with the occurrence and severity of depression. So, changing the level of GDF-15 by regulating the proportion of sex hormones may play a key role in the prognosis and treatment of depression.
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spelling pubmed-86998232021-12-24 Associations between Sex Hormones and Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Male Patients with Major Depressive Disorder Sun, Ting Peng, Rui Sun, Xiaojun Li, Yan Brain Sci Article The interaction between the endocrine system and inflammation is crucial pathogenesis of depression. Our study aimed at exploring the possible relationship between sex hormones and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), a common indicator of inflammation in male patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: GDF-15 levels of 121 male MDD patients were compared with 105 healthy subjects with the help of a Cobas 8000 automatic chemiluminescence immunoanalyzer. Results: (1) MDD patients showed higher GDF-15 levels, a lower testosterone (T) level and testosterone/estradiol ratio (T/E2 ratio) than healthy subjects (all p < 0.05). (2) Serum T levels and the T/E2 ratio were inversely associated with GDF-15 serum levels (all p < 0.05). (3) HAMD-24 scores were positively correlated with the levels of GDF-15 (p < 0.01), but not with T levels, estradiol (E2) levels, and the T/E2 ratio (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: The high level of GDF-15 was correlated with a low T/E2 ratio and T deficiency in male MDD patients. The above results demonstrate that up-regulation of serum GDF-15 and down-regulation of T and T/E2 ratio may be correlated with the occurrence and severity of depression. So, changing the level of GDF-15 by regulating the proportion of sex hormones may play a key role in the prognosis and treatment of depression. MDPI 2021-12-07 /pmc/articles/PMC8699823/ /pubmed/34942914 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121612 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Sun, Ting
Peng, Rui
Sun, Xiaojun
Li, Yan
Associations between Sex Hormones and Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Male Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
title Associations between Sex Hormones and Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Male Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
title_full Associations between Sex Hormones and Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Male Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
title_fullStr Associations between Sex Hormones and Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Male Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
title_full_unstemmed Associations between Sex Hormones and Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Male Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
title_short Associations between Sex Hormones and Circulating Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in Male Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
title_sort associations between sex hormones and circulating growth differentiation factor-15 in male patients with major depressive disorder
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8699823/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34942914
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121612
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