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The World of Pseudogenes: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cancers or Still Mystery Molecules?

Pseudogenes were once considered as “junk DNA”, due to loss of their functions as a result of the accumulation of mutations, such as frameshift and presence of premature stop-codons and relocation of genes to inactive heterochromatin regions of the genome. Pseudogenes are divided into two large grou...

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Autores principales: Stasiak, Maciej, Kolenda, Tomasz, Kozłowska-Masłoń, Joanna, Sobocińska, Joanna, Poter, Paulina, Guglas, Kacper, Paszkowska, Anna, Bliźniak, Renata, Teresiak, Anna, Kazimierczak, Urszula, Lamperska, Katarzyna
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8705536/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34947885
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11121354
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author Stasiak, Maciej
Kolenda, Tomasz
Kozłowska-Masłoń, Joanna
Sobocińska, Joanna
Poter, Paulina
Guglas, Kacper
Paszkowska, Anna
Bliźniak, Renata
Teresiak, Anna
Kazimierczak, Urszula
Lamperska, Katarzyna
author_facet Stasiak, Maciej
Kolenda, Tomasz
Kozłowska-Masłoń, Joanna
Sobocińska, Joanna
Poter, Paulina
Guglas, Kacper
Paszkowska, Anna
Bliźniak, Renata
Teresiak, Anna
Kazimierczak, Urszula
Lamperska, Katarzyna
author_sort Stasiak, Maciej
collection PubMed
description Pseudogenes were once considered as “junk DNA”, due to loss of their functions as a result of the accumulation of mutations, such as frameshift and presence of premature stop-codons and relocation of genes to inactive heterochromatin regions of the genome. Pseudogenes are divided into two large groups, processed and unprocessed, according to their primary structure and origin. Only 10% of all pseudogenes are transcribed into RNAs and participate in the regulation of parental gene expression at both transcriptional and translational levels through senseRNA (sRNA) and antisense RNA (asRNA). In this review, about 150 pseudogenes in the different types of cancers were analyzed. Part of these pseudogenes seem to be useful in molecular diagnostics and can be detected in various types of biological material including tissue as well as biological fluids (liquid biopsy) using different detection methods. The number of pseudogenes, as well as their function in the human genome, is still unknown. However, thanks to the development of various technologies and bioinformatic tools, it was revealed so far that pseudogenes are involved in the development and progression of certain diseases, especially in cancer.
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spelling pubmed-87055362021-12-25 The World of Pseudogenes: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cancers or Still Mystery Molecules? Stasiak, Maciej Kolenda, Tomasz Kozłowska-Masłoń, Joanna Sobocińska, Joanna Poter, Paulina Guglas, Kacper Paszkowska, Anna Bliźniak, Renata Teresiak, Anna Kazimierczak, Urszula Lamperska, Katarzyna Life (Basel) Review Pseudogenes were once considered as “junk DNA”, due to loss of their functions as a result of the accumulation of mutations, such as frameshift and presence of premature stop-codons and relocation of genes to inactive heterochromatin regions of the genome. Pseudogenes are divided into two large groups, processed and unprocessed, according to their primary structure and origin. Only 10% of all pseudogenes are transcribed into RNAs and participate in the regulation of parental gene expression at both transcriptional and translational levels through senseRNA (sRNA) and antisense RNA (asRNA). In this review, about 150 pseudogenes in the different types of cancers were analyzed. Part of these pseudogenes seem to be useful in molecular diagnostics and can be detected in various types of biological material including tissue as well as biological fluids (liquid biopsy) using different detection methods. The number of pseudogenes, as well as their function in the human genome, is still unknown. However, thanks to the development of various technologies and bioinformatic tools, it was revealed so far that pseudogenes are involved in the development and progression of certain diseases, especially in cancer. MDPI 2021-12-07 /pmc/articles/PMC8705536/ /pubmed/34947885 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11121354 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Stasiak, Maciej
Kolenda, Tomasz
Kozłowska-Masłoń, Joanna
Sobocińska, Joanna
Poter, Paulina
Guglas, Kacper
Paszkowska, Anna
Bliźniak, Renata
Teresiak, Anna
Kazimierczak, Urszula
Lamperska, Katarzyna
The World of Pseudogenes: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cancers or Still Mystery Molecules?
title The World of Pseudogenes: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cancers or Still Mystery Molecules?
title_full The World of Pseudogenes: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cancers or Still Mystery Molecules?
title_fullStr The World of Pseudogenes: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cancers or Still Mystery Molecules?
title_full_unstemmed The World of Pseudogenes: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cancers or Still Mystery Molecules?
title_short The World of Pseudogenes: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cancers or Still Mystery Molecules?
title_sort world of pseudogenes: new diagnostic and therapeutic targets in cancers or still mystery molecules?
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8705536/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34947885
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11121354
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