High Potential for Anaerobic Microbial Sulfur Oxidation in Oil Sands Tailings Ponds

The biogenic production of toxic H(2)S gas in sulfate-rich oil sands tailings ponds is associated with strong environmental concerns. Beside precipitation into sulfide minerals and chemical re-oxidation, microbial sulfur oxidation may catalyze sulfide re-cycling but potentially contributes to acid rock drainage (ARD) generation. To evaluate the microbial potential for sulfur oxidation, we conducted a microcosm-based pilot study with tailings of an active pond. Incubations were performed under oxic and anoxic conditions, with and without KNO(3) as an electron acceptor and thiosulfate as a common substrate for microbial sulfur oxidation. The highest potentials of sulfur oxidation occurred in oxic assays (1.21 mmol L(−1) day(−1)). Under anoxic conditions, rates were significantly lower and dominated by chemical transformation (0.09 mmol L(−1) day(−1); p < 0.0001). The addition of KNO(3) to anoxic incubations increased microbial thiosulfate oxidation 2.5-fold (0.23 mmol L(−1) day(−1); p = 0.0474), with complete transformation to SO(4)(2−) coupled to NO(3)(−) consumption, pointing to the activity of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) under nitrate-reducing conditions. Importantly, in the presence of KNO(3), a decrease in sedimentary sulfides was associated with an increase in S(0), which indicates the potential for microbially mediated oxidation of sulfide minerals and ARD generation. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of sediments from other anthropogenic aquatic habitats demonstrated high similarities with respect to viable SOB counts and corresponding activity rates.