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Combined Developmental Toxicity of the Pesticides Difenoconazole and Dimethomorph on Embryonic Zebrafish
Difenoconazole (DIF) and dimethomorph (DIM) are widely used pesticides frequently detected together in environmental samples, so the deleterious effects of combined exposure warrant detailed examination. In this study, the individual and combined effects of DIM and DIF on conventional developmental...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8706556/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34941692 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120854 |
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author | Fan, Ruiqi Zhang, Wanjun Jia, Li Li, Lizhong Zhao, Jun Zhao, Zengming Peng, Shuangqing Chen, Yiqiang Yuan, Xiaoyan |
author_facet | Fan, Ruiqi Zhang, Wanjun Jia, Li Li, Lizhong Zhao, Jun Zhao, Zengming Peng, Shuangqing Chen, Yiqiang Yuan, Xiaoyan |
author_sort | Fan, Ruiqi |
collection | PubMed |
description | Difenoconazole (DIF) and dimethomorph (DIM) are widely used pesticides frequently detected together in environmental samples, so the deleterious effects of combined exposure warrant detailed examination. In this study, the individual and combined effects of DIM and DIF on conventional developmental parameters (hatching rate, deformity rate, lethality) and gene expression were measured in embryonic zebrafish. Both DIF and DIM interfered with normal zebrafish embryo development, and the most sensitive toxicity index for both was 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) deformity rate (BMDL(10) values of 0.30 and 1.10 mg/L, respectively). The combination of DIF and DIM had mainly synergistic deleterious effects on 96 hpf deformity and mortality rates. Transcriptome analysis showed that these compounds markedly downregulated expression of mcm family genes, cdk1, and cdc20, thereby potentially disrupting DNA replication and cell cycle progression. Enhanced surveillance for this pesticide combination is recommended as simultaneous environmental exposure may be substantially more harmful than exposure to either compound alone. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8706556 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87065562021-12-25 Combined Developmental Toxicity of the Pesticides Difenoconazole and Dimethomorph on Embryonic Zebrafish Fan, Ruiqi Zhang, Wanjun Jia, Li Li, Lizhong Zhao, Jun Zhao, Zengming Peng, Shuangqing Chen, Yiqiang Yuan, Xiaoyan Toxins (Basel) Article Difenoconazole (DIF) and dimethomorph (DIM) are widely used pesticides frequently detected together in environmental samples, so the deleterious effects of combined exposure warrant detailed examination. In this study, the individual and combined effects of DIM and DIF on conventional developmental parameters (hatching rate, deformity rate, lethality) and gene expression were measured in embryonic zebrafish. Both DIF and DIM interfered with normal zebrafish embryo development, and the most sensitive toxicity index for both was 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) deformity rate (BMDL(10) values of 0.30 and 1.10 mg/L, respectively). The combination of DIF and DIM had mainly synergistic deleterious effects on 96 hpf deformity and mortality rates. Transcriptome analysis showed that these compounds markedly downregulated expression of mcm family genes, cdk1, and cdc20, thereby potentially disrupting DNA replication and cell cycle progression. Enhanced surveillance for this pesticide combination is recommended as simultaneous environmental exposure may be substantially more harmful than exposure to either compound alone. MDPI 2021-12-01 /pmc/articles/PMC8706556/ /pubmed/34941692 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120854 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Fan, Ruiqi Zhang, Wanjun Jia, Li Li, Lizhong Zhao, Jun Zhao, Zengming Peng, Shuangqing Chen, Yiqiang Yuan, Xiaoyan Combined Developmental Toxicity of the Pesticides Difenoconazole and Dimethomorph on Embryonic Zebrafish |
title | Combined Developmental Toxicity of the Pesticides Difenoconazole and Dimethomorph on Embryonic Zebrafish |
title_full | Combined Developmental Toxicity of the Pesticides Difenoconazole and Dimethomorph on Embryonic Zebrafish |
title_fullStr | Combined Developmental Toxicity of the Pesticides Difenoconazole and Dimethomorph on Embryonic Zebrafish |
title_full_unstemmed | Combined Developmental Toxicity of the Pesticides Difenoconazole and Dimethomorph on Embryonic Zebrafish |
title_short | Combined Developmental Toxicity of the Pesticides Difenoconazole and Dimethomorph on Embryonic Zebrafish |
title_sort | combined developmental toxicity of the pesticides difenoconazole and dimethomorph on embryonic zebrafish |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8706556/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34941692 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13120854 |
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