Steroid Metabolism in Thermophilic Actinobacterium Saccharopolyspora hirsuta VKM Ac-666(T)

The application of thermophilic microorganisms opens new prospects in steroid biotechnology, but little is known to date on steroid catabolism by thermophilic strains. The thermophilic strain Saccharopolyspora hirsuta VKM Ac-666(T) has been shown to convert various steroids and to fully degrade cholesterol. Cholest-4-en-3-one, cholesta-1,4-dien-3-one, 26-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, 3-oxo-cholest-4-en-26-oic acid, 3-oxo-cholesta-1,4-dien-26-oic acid, 26-hydroxycholesterol, 3β-hydroxy-cholest-5-en-26-oic acid were identified as intermediates in cholesterol oxidation. The structures were confirmed by (1)H and (13)C-NMR analyses. Aliphatic side chain hydroxylation at C26 and the A-ring modification at C3, which are putatively catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP125 and cholesterol oxidase, respectively, occur simultaneously in the strain and are followed by cascade reactions of aliphatic sidechain degradation and steroid core destruction via the known 9(10)-seco-pathway. The genes putatively related to the sterol and bile acid degradation pathways form three major clusters in the S. hirsuta genome. The sets of the genes include the orthologs of those involved in steroid catabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 and related actinobacteria. Bioinformatics analysis of 52 publicly available genomes of thermophilic bacteria revealed only seven candidate strains that possess the key genes related to the 9(10)-seco pathway of steroid degradation, thus demonstrating that the ability to degrade steroids is not widespread among thermophilic bacteria.