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Dynamic Surface Tension Enhances the Stability of Nanobubbles in Xylem Sap
Air seeded nanobubbles have recently been observed within tree sap under negative pressure. They are stabilized by an as yet unidentified process, although some embolize their vessels in extreme circumstances. Current literature suggests that a varying surface tension helps bubbles survive, but few...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8716698/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34975934 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.732701 |
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author | Ingram, Stephen Salmon, Yann Lintunen, Anna Hölttä, Teemu Vesala, Timo Vehkamäki, Hanna |
author_facet | Ingram, Stephen Salmon, Yann Lintunen, Anna Hölttä, Teemu Vesala, Timo Vehkamäki, Hanna |
author_sort | Ingram, Stephen |
collection | PubMed |
description | Air seeded nanobubbles have recently been observed within tree sap under negative pressure. They are stabilized by an as yet unidentified process, although some embolize their vessels in extreme circumstances. Current literature suggests that a varying surface tension helps bubbles survive, but few direct measurements of this quantity have been made. Here, we present calculations of dynamic surface tension for two biologically relevant lipids using molecular dynamics simulations. We find that glycolipid monolayers resist expansion proportionally to the rate of expansion. Their surface tension increases with the tension applied, in a similar way to the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid. In contrast, a prototypical phospholipid was equally resistant to all applied tensions, suggesting that the fate of a given nanobubble is dependent on its surface composition. By incorporating our results into a Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) framework, we predict nanobubble stability with respect to embolism. We find that the metastable radius of glycolipid coated nanobubbles is approximately 35 nm, and that embolism is in this case unlikely when the external pressure is less negative than –1.5 MPa. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8716698 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87166982021-12-31 Dynamic Surface Tension Enhances the Stability of Nanobubbles in Xylem Sap Ingram, Stephen Salmon, Yann Lintunen, Anna Hölttä, Teemu Vesala, Timo Vehkamäki, Hanna Front Plant Sci Plant Science Air seeded nanobubbles have recently been observed within tree sap under negative pressure. They are stabilized by an as yet unidentified process, although some embolize their vessels in extreme circumstances. Current literature suggests that a varying surface tension helps bubbles survive, but few direct measurements of this quantity have been made. Here, we present calculations of dynamic surface tension for two biologically relevant lipids using molecular dynamics simulations. We find that glycolipid monolayers resist expansion proportionally to the rate of expansion. Their surface tension increases with the tension applied, in a similar way to the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid. In contrast, a prototypical phospholipid was equally resistant to all applied tensions, suggesting that the fate of a given nanobubble is dependent on its surface composition. By incorporating our results into a Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) framework, we predict nanobubble stability with respect to embolism. We find that the metastable radius of glycolipid coated nanobubbles is approximately 35 nm, and that embolism is in this case unlikely when the external pressure is less negative than –1.5 MPa. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-12-16 /pmc/articles/PMC8716698/ /pubmed/34975934 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.732701 Text en Copyright © 2021 Ingram, Salmon, Lintunen, Hölttä, Vesala and Vehkamäki. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Plant Science Ingram, Stephen Salmon, Yann Lintunen, Anna Hölttä, Teemu Vesala, Timo Vehkamäki, Hanna Dynamic Surface Tension Enhances the Stability of Nanobubbles in Xylem Sap |
title | Dynamic Surface Tension Enhances the Stability of Nanobubbles in Xylem Sap |
title_full | Dynamic Surface Tension Enhances the Stability of Nanobubbles in Xylem Sap |
title_fullStr | Dynamic Surface Tension Enhances the Stability of Nanobubbles in Xylem Sap |
title_full_unstemmed | Dynamic Surface Tension Enhances the Stability of Nanobubbles in Xylem Sap |
title_short | Dynamic Surface Tension Enhances the Stability of Nanobubbles in Xylem Sap |
title_sort | dynamic surface tension enhances the stability of nanobubbles in xylem sap |
topic | Plant Science |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8716698/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34975934 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.732701 |
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