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Trends in energy and nutrient content of menu items served by large UK chain restaurants from 2018 to 2020: an observational study
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the change in energy and nutrient content of menu items sold in large UK chain restaurants (eg, fast food, full service) from 2018 to 2020. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Energy and nutritional information of menu items served by 29 large...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BMJ Publishing Group
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8718418/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054804 |
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author | Huang, Yuru Theis, Dolly R Z Burgoine, Thomas Adams, Jean |
author_facet | Huang, Yuru Theis, Dolly R Z Burgoine, Thomas Adams, Jean |
author_sort | Huang, Yuru |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the change in energy and nutrient content of menu items sold in large UK chain restaurants (eg, fast food, full service) from 2018 to 2020. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Energy and nutritional information of menu items served by 29 large UK chain restaurants that consistently provided this information online in all three years. Data were collected in 2018 (March–April), 2019 (April) and 2020 (October–November) from restaurant websites. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The per-item energy and nutrient (saturated fat, sugar and salt) changes in all items available on menus (‘all menu items’) and recurring items that were consistently available on menus in all three years (‘core menu items’), overall and in 12 different food categories. RESULTS: Our study included 7770, 9213 and 6928 menu items served by 29 large UK chain restaurants in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Our results showed that sugar content declined from 2018 to 2020 among all menu items (per-item: −0.43 g/year, 95% CI −0.66 to –0.21). This reduction in sugar was evident in beverages, sandwiches and desserts. Among core menu items (N=1855), sugar content reduced significantly from 2018 to 2020 (per-item: −0.31 g/year, 95% CI −0.45 to –0.17), especially in beverages. Energy, salt and saturated fat content in menu items remained constant overall, in both all menu items and core menu items. Fewer food categories had significant changes in energy, sugar, salt and saturated fat content among core menu items than among all menu items. CONCLUSIONS: From 2018 to 2020, sugar content declined in restaurant menu items, which may reflect a response to the sugar reduction strategy and the effects of the soft drinks industry levy. In contrast, there was little change in other nutrients. Future policies addressing the overall nutritional quality of restaurant foods, rather than single nutrients, may help the restaurant sector move towards offering healthier foods. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8718418 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87184182022-01-12 Trends in energy and nutrient content of menu items served by large UK chain restaurants from 2018 to 2020: an observational study Huang, Yuru Theis, Dolly R Z Burgoine, Thomas Adams, Jean BMJ Open Public Health OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the change in energy and nutrient content of menu items sold in large UK chain restaurants (eg, fast food, full service) from 2018 to 2020. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Energy and nutritional information of menu items served by 29 large UK chain restaurants that consistently provided this information online in all three years. Data were collected in 2018 (March–April), 2019 (April) and 2020 (October–November) from restaurant websites. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The per-item energy and nutrient (saturated fat, sugar and salt) changes in all items available on menus (‘all menu items’) and recurring items that were consistently available on menus in all three years (‘core menu items’), overall and in 12 different food categories. RESULTS: Our study included 7770, 9213 and 6928 menu items served by 29 large UK chain restaurants in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. Our results showed that sugar content declined from 2018 to 2020 among all menu items (per-item: −0.43 g/year, 95% CI −0.66 to –0.21). This reduction in sugar was evident in beverages, sandwiches and desserts. Among core menu items (N=1855), sugar content reduced significantly from 2018 to 2020 (per-item: −0.31 g/year, 95% CI −0.45 to –0.17), especially in beverages. Energy, salt and saturated fat content in menu items remained constant overall, in both all menu items and core menu items. Fewer food categories had significant changes in energy, sugar, salt and saturated fat content among core menu items than among all menu items. CONCLUSIONS: From 2018 to 2020, sugar content declined in restaurant menu items, which may reflect a response to the sugar reduction strategy and the effects of the soft drinks industry levy. In contrast, there was little change in other nutrients. Future policies addressing the overall nutritional quality of restaurant foods, rather than single nutrients, may help the restaurant sector move towards offering healthier foods. BMJ Publishing Group 2021-12-30 /pmc/articles/PMC8718418/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054804 Text en © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. |
spellingShingle | Public Health Huang, Yuru Theis, Dolly R Z Burgoine, Thomas Adams, Jean Trends in energy and nutrient content of menu items served by large UK chain restaurants from 2018 to 2020: an observational study |
title | Trends in energy and nutrient content of menu items served by large UK chain restaurants from 2018 to 2020: an observational study |
title_full | Trends in energy and nutrient content of menu items served by large UK chain restaurants from 2018 to 2020: an observational study |
title_fullStr | Trends in energy and nutrient content of menu items served by large UK chain restaurants from 2018 to 2020: an observational study |
title_full_unstemmed | Trends in energy and nutrient content of menu items served by large UK chain restaurants from 2018 to 2020: an observational study |
title_short | Trends in energy and nutrient content of menu items served by large UK chain restaurants from 2018 to 2020: an observational study |
title_sort | trends in energy and nutrient content of menu items served by large uk chain restaurants from 2018 to 2020: an observational study |
topic | Public Health |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8718418/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054804 |
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