Cholesterol and saturated fatty acids synergistically promote the malignant progression of prostate cancer

The excessive accumulation of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol have been linked to prostate cancer (Pca). Here, we found that lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, triglycerides and free fatty acids are significantly higher in the peripheral blood of prostate cancer patients than in non-cancer patients. Furthermore, the expression of ACC1, FASN and HMGCR is significantly higher in prostate cancer tissues than that in non-cancer tissues, and positively correlated with the gleason score. Using genetically engineered mouse models, we found that in a mouse model of high grade prostatic intraneoplasia (HGPIN), a combination of fatty acid synthase (FASN) overexpression and cholesterol efflux pump (Abca1) knockout resulted in the progression of prostatic intraneoplasia (PIN) to invasive PCa with 100% penetrance, as well as an increase in prostate cancer stem cell (PCSC)population, accompanied by activation of PGE(2) and TGF-β signaling pathway. Our study suggests that the steady rise in prostate cancer incidence and mortality among Chinese population during the last several decades may be attribute to a combinational effect of fatty acid and cholesterol, and reduction in dietary fat and cholesterol intake could slow down the progression from occult lesions to prostate cancer.