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Neurotransmitters Affect Larval Development by Regulating the Activity of Prothoracicotropic Hormone-Releasing Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster
Ecdysone, an essential insect steroid hormone, promotes larval metamorphosis by coordinating growth and maturation. In Drosophila melanogaster, prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-releasing neurons are considered to be the primary promoting factor in ecdysone biosynthesis. Recently, studies have repor...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8718639/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34975366 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.653858 |
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author | Hao, Shun Gestrich, Julia Yvonne Zhang, Xin Xu, Mengbo Wang, Xinwei Liu, Li Wei, Hongying |
author_facet | Hao, Shun Gestrich, Julia Yvonne Zhang, Xin Xu, Mengbo Wang, Xinwei Liu, Li Wei, Hongying |
author_sort | Hao, Shun |
collection | PubMed |
description | Ecdysone, an essential insect steroid hormone, promotes larval metamorphosis by coordinating growth and maturation. In Drosophila melanogaster, prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-releasing neurons are considered to be the primary promoting factor in ecdysone biosynthesis. Recently, studies have reported that the regulatory mechanisms of PTTH release in Drosophila larvae are controlled by different neuropeptides, including allatostatin A and corazonin. However, it remains unclear whether neurotransmitters provide input to PTTH neurons and control the metamorphosis in Drosophila larvae. Here, we report that the neurotransmitters acetylcholine (ACh) affect larval development by modulating the activity of PTTH neurons. By downregulating the expression of different subunits of nicotinic ACh receptors in PTTH neurons, pupal volume was significantly increased, whereas pupariation timing was relatively unchanged. We also identified that PTTH neurons were excited by ACh application ex vivo in a dose-dependent manner via ionotropic nicotinic ACh receptors. Moreover, in our Ca(2+) imaging experiments, relatively low doses of OA caused increased Ca(2+) levels in PTTH neurons, whereas higher doses led to decreased Ca(2+) levels. We also demonstrated that a low dose of OA was conveyed through OA β-type receptors. Additionally, our electrophysiological experiments revealed that PTTH neurons produced spontaneous activity in vivo, which provides the possibility of the bidirectional regulation, coming from neurons upstream of PTTH cells in Drosophila larvae. In summary, our findings indicate that several different neurotransmitters are involved in the regulation of larval metamorphosis by altering the activity of PTTH neurons in Drosophila. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8718639 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87186392022-01-01 Neurotransmitters Affect Larval Development by Regulating the Activity of Prothoracicotropic Hormone-Releasing Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster Hao, Shun Gestrich, Julia Yvonne Zhang, Xin Xu, Mengbo Wang, Xinwei Liu, Li Wei, Hongying Front Neurosci Neuroscience Ecdysone, an essential insect steroid hormone, promotes larval metamorphosis by coordinating growth and maturation. In Drosophila melanogaster, prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)-releasing neurons are considered to be the primary promoting factor in ecdysone biosynthesis. Recently, studies have reported that the regulatory mechanisms of PTTH release in Drosophila larvae are controlled by different neuropeptides, including allatostatin A and corazonin. However, it remains unclear whether neurotransmitters provide input to PTTH neurons and control the metamorphosis in Drosophila larvae. Here, we report that the neurotransmitters acetylcholine (ACh) affect larval development by modulating the activity of PTTH neurons. By downregulating the expression of different subunits of nicotinic ACh receptors in PTTH neurons, pupal volume was significantly increased, whereas pupariation timing was relatively unchanged. We also identified that PTTH neurons were excited by ACh application ex vivo in a dose-dependent manner via ionotropic nicotinic ACh receptors. Moreover, in our Ca(2+) imaging experiments, relatively low doses of OA caused increased Ca(2+) levels in PTTH neurons, whereas higher doses led to decreased Ca(2+) levels. We also demonstrated that a low dose of OA was conveyed through OA β-type receptors. Additionally, our electrophysiological experiments revealed that PTTH neurons produced spontaneous activity in vivo, which provides the possibility of the bidirectional regulation, coming from neurons upstream of PTTH cells in Drosophila larvae. In summary, our findings indicate that several different neurotransmitters are involved in the regulation of larval metamorphosis by altering the activity of PTTH neurons in Drosophila. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-12-17 /pmc/articles/PMC8718639/ /pubmed/34975366 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.653858 Text en Copyright © 2021 Hao, Gestrich, Zhang, Xu, Wang, Liu and Wei. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Hao, Shun Gestrich, Julia Yvonne Zhang, Xin Xu, Mengbo Wang, Xinwei Liu, Li Wei, Hongying Neurotransmitters Affect Larval Development by Regulating the Activity of Prothoracicotropic Hormone-Releasing Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster |
title | Neurotransmitters Affect Larval Development by Regulating the Activity of Prothoracicotropic Hormone-Releasing Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster |
title_full | Neurotransmitters Affect Larval Development by Regulating the Activity of Prothoracicotropic Hormone-Releasing Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster |
title_fullStr | Neurotransmitters Affect Larval Development by Regulating the Activity of Prothoracicotropic Hormone-Releasing Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster |
title_full_unstemmed | Neurotransmitters Affect Larval Development by Regulating the Activity of Prothoracicotropic Hormone-Releasing Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster |
title_short | Neurotransmitters Affect Larval Development by Regulating the Activity of Prothoracicotropic Hormone-Releasing Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster |
title_sort | neurotransmitters affect larval development by regulating the activity of prothoracicotropic hormone-releasing neurons in drosophila melanogaster |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8718639/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34975366 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.653858 |
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