New developments in defecatory studies based on biomechatronics

INTRODUCTION: Defecation is a complex process that is difficult to study and analyze directly. In anorectal disease conditions, the defecation process may be disturbed, resulting in symptoms including fecal incontinence and constipation. Current state-of-the-art technology measures various aspects of anorectal function but detailed analysis is impossible because they are stand-alone tests rather than an integrated multi-dimensional test. OBJECTIVES: The need for physiologically-relevant and easy-to-use diagnostic tests for identifying underlying mechanisms is substantial. We aimed to advance the field with integrated technology for anorectal function assessment. METHODS: We developed a simulated stool named Fecobionics that integrates several tests to assess defecation pressures, dimensions, shape, orientation and bending during evacuation. A novelty is that pressures are measured in axial direction, i.e. in the direction of the trajectory. Using this novel tool, we present new analytical methods to calculate physiologically relevant parameters during expulsion in normal human subjects. RESULTS: Data are reported from 28 human subjects with progressively more advanced versions of Fecobionics. A new concept utilizes the rear-front pressure (preload-afterload) diagram for computation of novel defecation indices. Fecobionics obtained physiological data that cannot be obtained with current state-of-the-art technologies. CONCLUSION: Fecobionics measures well known parameters such as expulsion time and pressures as well as new metrics including defecation indices. The study suggests that Fecobionics is effective in evaluation of key defecatory parameters and well positioned as an integrated technology for assessment of anorectal function and dysfunction.