Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Potential Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality. Current therapies are mainly focused on vasodilative agents to improve prognosis. However, recent literature has shown the important interaction between immune cells and stromal vascular cells in the pathoge...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8727487/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35004784 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.806899 |
_version_ | 1784626541268828160 |
---|---|
author | Tobal, Rachid Potjewijd, Judith van Empel, Vanessa P. M. Ysermans, Renee Schurgers, Leon J. Reutelingsperger, Chris P. Damoiseaux, Jan G. M. C. van Paassen, Pieter |
author_facet | Tobal, Rachid Potjewijd, Judith van Empel, Vanessa P. M. Ysermans, Renee Schurgers, Leon J. Reutelingsperger, Chris P. Damoiseaux, Jan G. M. C. van Paassen, Pieter |
author_sort | Tobal, Rachid |
collection | PubMed |
description | Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality. Current therapies are mainly focused on vasodilative agents to improve prognosis. However, recent literature has shown the important interaction between immune cells and stromal vascular cells in the pathogenic modifications of the pulmonary vasculature. The immunological pathogenesis of PAH is known as a complex interplay between immune cells and vascular stromal cells, via direct contacts and/or their production of extra-cellular/diffusible factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. These include, the B-cell—mast-cell axis, endothelium mediated fibroblast activation and subsequent M2 macrophage polarization, anti-endothelial cell antibodies and the versatile role of IL-6 on vascular cells. This review aims to outline the major pathophysiological changes in vascular cells caused by immunological mechanisms, leading to vascular remodeling, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and eventually PAH. Considering the underlying immunological mechanisms, these mechanisms may be key to halt progression of disease. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-8727487 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-87274872022-01-06 Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Potential Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity Tobal, Rachid Potjewijd, Judith van Empel, Vanessa P. M. Ysermans, Renee Schurgers, Leon J. Reutelingsperger, Chris P. Damoiseaux, Jan G. M. C. van Paassen, Pieter Front Med (Lausanne) Medicine Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality. Current therapies are mainly focused on vasodilative agents to improve prognosis. However, recent literature has shown the important interaction between immune cells and stromal vascular cells in the pathogenic modifications of the pulmonary vasculature. The immunological pathogenesis of PAH is known as a complex interplay between immune cells and vascular stromal cells, via direct contacts and/or their production of extra-cellular/diffusible factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. These include, the B-cell—mast-cell axis, endothelium mediated fibroblast activation and subsequent M2 macrophage polarization, anti-endothelial cell antibodies and the versatile role of IL-6 on vascular cells. This review aims to outline the major pathophysiological changes in vascular cells caused by immunological mechanisms, leading to vascular remodeling, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and eventually PAH. Considering the underlying immunological mechanisms, these mechanisms may be key to halt progression of disease. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-12-22 /pmc/articles/PMC8727487/ /pubmed/35004784 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.806899 Text en Copyright © 2021 Tobal, Potjewijd, Empel, Ysermans, Schurgers, Reutelingsperger, Damoiseaux and Paassen. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Medicine Tobal, Rachid Potjewijd, Judith van Empel, Vanessa P. M. Ysermans, Renee Schurgers, Leon J. Reutelingsperger, Chris P. Damoiseaux, Jan G. M. C. van Paassen, Pieter Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Potential Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity |
title | Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Potential Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity |
title_full | Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Potential Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity |
title_fullStr | Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Potential Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity |
title_full_unstemmed | Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Potential Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity |
title_short | Vascular Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: The Potential Involvement of Innate and Adaptive Immunity |
title_sort | vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension: the potential involvement of innate and adaptive immunity |
topic | Medicine |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8727487/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35004784 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.806899 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT tobalrachid vascularremodelinginpulmonaryarterialhypertensionthepotentialinvolvementofinnateandadaptiveimmunity AT potjewijdjudith vascularremodelinginpulmonaryarterialhypertensionthepotentialinvolvementofinnateandadaptiveimmunity AT vanempelvanessapm vascularremodelinginpulmonaryarterialhypertensionthepotentialinvolvementofinnateandadaptiveimmunity AT ysermansrenee vascularremodelinginpulmonaryarterialhypertensionthepotentialinvolvementofinnateandadaptiveimmunity AT schurgersleonj vascularremodelinginpulmonaryarterialhypertensionthepotentialinvolvementofinnateandadaptiveimmunity AT reutelingspergerchrisp vascularremodelinginpulmonaryarterialhypertensionthepotentialinvolvementofinnateandadaptiveimmunity AT damoiseauxjangmc vascularremodelinginpulmonaryarterialhypertensionthepotentialinvolvementofinnateandadaptiveimmunity AT vanpaassenpieter vascularremodelinginpulmonaryarterialhypertensionthepotentialinvolvementofinnateandadaptiveimmunity |